I  iiiiuiniiiihini 


lALICE 
GUERNSEY 


*  N'OV^r,  ISO?  * 


BV  2775  .G9  1907 
Guernsey,  Alice  Margaret, 

1850- 
Citizens  of  tomorrow 


CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 


HOME    MISSION 
STUDY    COURSE 

Each  volume  12mo  cloth50c.net;  paper30c.net 

I.  Under  Our  Flag 

A  study  of  conditions  in  America  from  the 

standpoint  of  Woman's  Home  Misionary 

work,  by  AWCE  M.  GUERNSEY. 

"A  text-book  of  sifted   studies  for  home  mission 

classes  and  meetings,  with  suggestions  for  various 

uses  of  the  material  it  contains." — Congregationaiist. 

1.  The   Burden  of  the  City 

By  ISABELLB  HORTON. 

"Settlement  Work,  the  Modern  Church  and  its 
Methods,  the  Deaconess  in  City  Missions,  Children's 
Work,  and  Co-operation.  It  constitutes  a  manual  of 
practical  philanthrophy  worthy  of  study  in  all 
churches." — The  Outlook, 

3.  Indian  and  Spanish  Neighbors 

By  JULIA  H.  JOHNSTON. 

"Full  of  information  with  which  every  Christian 
patriot  should  be  familiar  in  regard  to  the  Indians; 
origin,  tribes,  characteristics,  environment,  lan- 
guage, religion,  wrongs  and  rights,  etc;  also  of  the 
Spanish  speaking  people  in  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
California,  Porto  Rico." — Olive  Trees. 

4.  The  Incoming  Millions 

By  HOWARD  B.  GROSE,  D.D. 

To  the  spiiitual  need  of  these  incomers  and  their 
influence  upon  us  as  individuals  and  as  a  nation  Dr. 
Grose  has  given  much  study. 

5.  Citizens  of  Tomorrow 

By  ALICE  M.  GUERNSEY 

A  study  of  child-life — its  conditions,  environments, 
etc. — from  the  standpoint  of  Woman's  Home  Mission- 
ary work. 


Citizens  of  To-Morrow 

A  Study  of  Childhood  and  Youth  from 
the  Standpoint  of  Home  Mission  Work 


By 
ALICE  M.  GUERNSEY 

Author  of*'  JJiickr  Our  Flag" 


liis  chiKlren  he  first  makes  Christians  and  then 
commonwealth's  men.  The  first  he  owes  to  his 
heavenly  country,  the  other  to  his  earthly. —  George 
Herbert. 

As  thy  servant  was  busy  here  and  there  [the 
child]  was  gone. — /  Kings  20  :  40. 


New  York        Chicago        Toronto 

Fleming  H.   Revell   Company 
London        and       Edinburgh 


Copyright,   1907,  by 
FLEMING  H.  REVELL  COMPANY 


Seco77c/  Edition 


New  York:  158  Fifth  Avenue 
Chicago:  80  Wabash  Avenue 
Toronto:  25  Richmond  Street,  W. 
London:  21  Paternoster  Square 
Edinburgh:      100     Princes    Street 


CONTENTS 


The  Viewpoint        .         .         . 

Native  Americans 

Indians     .... 
Alaskans  .  .  .         • 

Children  of  the  Sun 

Negroes    .... 

With  Old  World  Ways 
Spanish-Americans 
Porto  Ricans,  Cubans,  Filipinos 

Children  of  Toil 

In  Cities,  Mills,  Mines,  etc. 

With  Mistaken  Faiths 

Mormons  .         .         . 

Orientals 

"Just  How  " 

Industrial  Homes,  Settlements,  etc. 

**  My  Brother's  Keeper  " 

Statistical  Tables  .... 

Appendix — The  Brighter  Side 


>5 

26 


39 

S3 

58 

69 


99 
106 


"5 

133 
141 

153 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACING 

PACK 

Promise  for  Porto  Rico 

Title 

"  A  Lone,  Lone  Land  "    . 

26 

Cabin  Homes  ...... 

40 

Homes  in  Porto  Rico  and  New  Mexico     . 

62 

Breaker  Boys           ..... 

82 

Oriental-Americans         .... 

106 

Coming  Home-Makers      .... 

.     116 

Little  Papoose        ..... 

.     136 

From  the  Editorial   Committee 

Text-books  of  the  Home  Mission  Study  Course 

Under  Our  Flag. — Alice  AJ.  Guernsey. 

The  Burden  of  the  City. — Isabeile  Horton. 

Indian  and  Spanish  Neighbours. — Julia  H,  Johnston. 

The  Incoming  Millions. — Howard  B.  Grose,  D.  D. 

In  adding  a  fifth  volume  to  the  series,  the  In- 
terdenominational Committee  desires  to  call  spe- 
cial attention  to  its  topic — not  a  continuation, 
presenting  other  fields  of  home  mission  effort, 
but  a  foundation,  underlying  the  work  in  all 
fields.  Important  topics  remain  to  be  considered 
in  later  books,  but  none  can  be  presented  that  is 
of  more  vital  interest  to  every  worker  for  God 
and  every  lover  of  the  Republic. 

The  body  of  this  book  portrays,  in  the  main, 
only  conditions  that  demand  missionary  and 
philanthropic  effort.  This  is  especially  true  of 
the  chapter  on  '*  Children  of  Toil."  Those  who 
wish  to  consider,  at  the  same  time,  "  the  brighter 
side,"  will  find  some  of  its  most  interesting  and 
important  phases  suggested  and  described  in  the 
appendix. 


THE  VIEWPOINT 


"  This  is  a  task  neither  for  sect  nor  section.  The  cause  of 
childhood  is  the  cause  of  humanity.  We  lay,  therefore,  on  the 
nation's  heart  the  burden  of  American  childhood — ignorant  and 
helpless  to-day,  but  of  infinite  possibilities  for  to-morrow." 


THE  VIEWPOINT 

(  To  be  read  in  Auxiliary  or  Circle  Meeting) 

'*  A  LL  sorts  and  conditions  of  children  " — 
/  \      white,  black,  yellow  and  red — children 

jL  JL  in  cabins  and  tepees,  in  shacks  and 
adobes,  in  pueblos  and  igloos,  in  homes  and 
hovels — children  in  schools  and  churches,  and 
children  who  have  had  no  chance  for  either — and 
all  growing  up,  all  destined,  if  they  live,  to  be 
American  citizens — these  are  the  factors  that 
make  up  our  greatest  American  problem  to-day. 

The  catalogue  of  one  of  the  largest  and  best 
libraries  in  the  city  of  New  York,  contains  long 
lists  of  books  and  magazine  articles  under  the 
general  heading  of  "  Child  Study."  The  subject 
is  presented  in  numberless  aspects — physical, 
mental  arid  moral,  embryonic  and  defective,  from 
the  standpoint  of  parent  and  teacher,  and,  strange 
to  say,  from  that  of  the  child  himself.  His  inner 
life  is  placed  on  the  scales — as  if  they  could 
weigh  it !  Who  fathoms  the  thought  behind 
those  great  blue  eyes  through  which  the  soul  of 
a  babe  answers  his  mother's  call  ? 

Summaries  experimental,  pedagogical  and 
psychological,  are  given.  Town  children  in  the 
country  and  "  country  cousins  "  come  to  town, 
11 


12  CITIZEXS  OF  TO-MORKOW 

are  inspected,  their  pets  and  their  games,  their 
books  and  their  ideas,  their  rights  and  their 
wrongs,  are  set  forth  in  English,  Dutch,  German 
and  French — never  in  Latin  or  Greek  ;  the  dead 
nations  did  not  study  childhood — that  is  why 
they  died. 

But  in  no  title  in  the  long,  long  list  is  there 
any  recognition  of  the  child  as  related  to  the 
future.  No  slightest  hint  is  given  that  the  child 
must  be  saved  to-day  if  we  are  to  "  save  the 
nation  "  to-morrow.  And  yet  just  here  is  the 
chief  battle-ground  of  the  forces  that  make  for 
righteousness.  Just  here,  with  the  children 
growing  up  into  youth,  must  be  solved  the  prob- 
lems of  race,  of  temperance,  of  civic  duties  and 
privileges,  of  all  that  affects  citizenship  in  a 
Republic. 

Among  the  groups  of  statuary  adorning  the 
grounds  of  the  Columbian  Exposition,  was  one 
whose  central  figure  was  a  woman  form.  Her 
left  arm  shaded  her  eyes  as  she  looked  forward, 
seeming  to  question  what  the  future  would  bring 
forth.  Her  right  arm  supported  a  child — and  the 
child  bore  a  torch.  The  symbolism  was  perfect. 
The  child  bears,  and  has  ever  borne,  the  torch  of 
liberty  to  light  the  oncoming  day,  or  the  flame 
of  anarchy  and  destruction.     Which  shall  it  be  ? 


NATIVE  AMERICANS 


"  If  you  catch  character  young  and  at  the  right  moment,  you 

can  do  ahnost  anything  with  it." 

"  The  child  is  the  saviour  of  the  race.  What  we  do  for  the 
child,  for  his  protection,  for  his  education,  for  his  training  for 
the  duties  of  manhood,  for  securing  the  rights  and  prolonging 
the  period  of  childhood,  is  the  measure  of  what  we  shall  accom- 
plish for  the  race  that  is  to  be." 

"  How  infinitely  long  would  it  take  to  absorb  the  Italians, 
Russians,  Poles,  Swedes,  Finns,  and  other  European  immi- 
grants into  our  American  life  were  it  not  for  the  public  day 
schools  where  races  intermingle,  and  the  pupils  of  the  school  be- 
come the  teachers  in  the  homes  to  which  they  return  every  day ! 
No  foreigners  who  come  to  our  shores  are  penned  off  by  them- 
selves and  excluded  from  our  national  life  as  the  Indians  have 
been,  or  they  would  all  be  foreigners  still.  Our  children  are 
the  natural  educators  of  us  all.  Not  of  any  chosen  people  but 
of  all  races  of  mankind  is  it  true  that  '  a  little  child  shall  lead 
them.'" 


BIBLE  LESSON 

The  Law  of  the  Child 

Do  not  sin  against  the  child. — Gen.  42 :  22. 
(How  is  the  sin  of  Joseph's  brethren  against  their  brother 
paralleled  to-day  ?  ) 

He  shall  tell  thee  what  shall  become  of  the  child. — 
I  Kings  14 :  3. 

(In  this  case  there  was  pronounced  a  sentence  of  death  for  the 
child  and  of  destruction  for  the  dynasty.  How  may  the  lesson 
be  applied  to  the  United  States  ?  ) 

Train  up  a  child  in  tie  way  he  should  go ;  and  when  he  is 
old  he  will  not  depart  from  it. — Prov.  22  :  6. 

(What  bearing  have  this  command  and  this  promise  upon 
national  duty  ?  ) 

He  commanded  our  fathers  that  they  should  make  them 
known  to  their  children  ;  that  the  generation  to  come  might 
know  them,  even  the  children  which  should  be  born,  who 
should  arise  and  declare  them  to  their  children. — Ps.  78 :  5,  6. 

(What  things  should  be  made  known  to  the  children  ?  Why  ? 
Ps.78:7.) 

Teach  us  what  we  shall  do  unto  the  child. — Judges  13  :  8. 
(How  is  the  prayer  of  Manoah  applicable  to  our  times  and  our 
people  ?  ) 


NATIVE  AMERICANS 

"  "W  ^  TE,  the  people  of  the  United  States," 
%/%/  declared  and  won  its  independence 
▼  ▼  and  made  its  constitution.  You  and 
I,  "  the  people "  of  to-day,  while  recognizing 
some,  at  least,  of  the  mistakes  and  the  failures  of 
the  past  fifteen  hundred  years,  are  yet  proud  of 
"  our  "  country,  and  stand  ready  to  give  to  her 
our  hearts'  full  measure  of  devotion.  But  when 
we  trace  back  our  ancestral  lines  two,  three  or 
four  generations,  but  few  of  us  find  the  begin- 
nings of  our  family  life  on  this  side  the  seas.  If 
the  traditional  "  three  brothers  "  did  not  come 
from  England,  they  came  from  some  other  coun- 
try, and  made  for  themselves  new  homes  in  the 
New  World,  securing  their  foothold,  by  trade  or 
conquest,  from  those  who  were  owners  of  forest 
and  field  before  the  records  of  history  began. 

INDIANS 
So  far  as  the  United  States  is  concerned,  the 
Indians,  with  the  Aleuts  and  Eskimos  of  Alaska, 
are  the  only  "  native  Americans,"  however  much 
we  may  pride  ourselves  on  being  "  to  the  manner 
born." 

15 


16  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

Does  some  one  say,"  The  pure-blooded  Indians 
are  fast  disappearing "  ?  True.  But  those  of 
mixed  Indian  and  white  blood,  the  quarter  and 
half-breeds,  are  increasing  in  number,  and  already 
form  an  important  part  of  our  body  politic. 

"  They  are  rapidly  taking  on  the  white  man's 
ways "  ?  Too  rapidly,  alas,  if  the  white  man's 
whiskey  reaches  them.  But  although  they  are 
accepting  tribal  disbandment  and  land  allot- 
ment, these  are  not  the  only  things  needed  to 
make  good  Indian  citizens. 

Sitting  Bull  and  Geronimo  and  Rain-in-the- 
Face,  and  other  chiefs  whose  deeds  and  names 
are  inseparable  from  American  history,  will  soon 
be  but  memories.  But  there  are  thousands  of 
young  "  braves  "  and  dusky  maidens,  of  Indian 
boys  and  girls,  who  are  soon  to  be  the  leaders  of 
the  people  as  well  as  "  the  people  "  themselves. 
An  Indian  is  an  honoured  member  of  the  United 
States  Senate  to-day,  helping  to  frame  the  laws 
under  which  we  live  and  work.  Others  will  fol- 
low him,  and  still  more  will  be  lawmakers  in 
towns  and  cities,  and  govern,  or  help  to  govern, 
the  descendants  of  those  whom  their  ancestors 
fought  with  tomahawks  and  scalping-knives. 
Such  are  the  revenges  of  Time. 

It  goes  without  saying  that  many  have  been 
reached  by  Christianity  and  civilization.  But  no 
argument  save  that  of  facts  is  required  to  show 
that,  in  spite  of  all  that  has  been  done,  there  are 


NATIVE  AMEEICANS  17 

still  needs  among  the  Indians  that  call  for  mis- 
sionary effort. 

We  are  comparatively  familiar  with  Indian 
children  and  youth  in  wigwams  and  tepees,  in 
camps,  hogans  and  pueblos.  But  there  is  an 
other  type  that  has  been  less  carefully  studied, 
perhaps  because  it  is  nearer  at  hand.  There  is 
scarcely  a  summer  resort  in  which  a  company  of 
Indians,  including  a  "  medicine  man,"  is  not 
found  during  the  warm  season,  selHng  bead- 
work  and  baskets,  and  working  doubtful  "  cures." 
Who  thinks  about  the  children  that  form  a  part 
of  the  "encampment"?  Who  helps  to  keep 
them  from  the  physical  and  moral  contagion 
that  are  on  every  hand  ?  Who  asks  about  their 
school  attendance  during  any  portion  of  the 
year  ?  Who  deplores  the  atmosphere  of  imita- 
tion savagery  that  is  a  part  of  the  stock  in  trade 
of  their  elders  ?  Who  invites  them  to  Sunday- 
school  and  church,  or  once  remembers  that  they 
are  citizens  of  to-morrow? 

FOUNDATIONS 

What  is  there  in  the  Indian  character  that 
gives  hope  for  its  future  ?  What  foundations 
are  there  on  which  to  build  the  superstructure  of 
manhood  and  womanhood  ?  Space  forbids  more 
than  brief  answers. 

Hospitality  is  a  prime  requisite,  obedience  and 
respect   for   older   persons   are  inculcated  from 


IS  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOREOW 

earliest  years.  Bravery  and  indifference  to  pain 
are  an  essential  part  of  the  training  of  Indian 
children.  "  It  is  no  disgrace  for  a  boy  or  man 
to  cry  because  of  sorrow  " — so  the  teaching  runs 
— "  but  he  must  never  cry  from  pain." 

Reverence  is  among  the  first  lessons  of  the 
Indian  child,  prayers  to  the  '•  Great  Unknown  " 
and  sacrifices  even  of  one's  choicest  treasures  are 
enjoined  as  binding  obligations.  The  child  is 
trained  from  birth  in  an  atmosphere  of  worship. 
The  Indian  is  so  full  of  this  spirit  that  to  educate 
his  hand  and  brain  and  leave  his  soul  untaught, 
untrained,  is  to  rob  him  of  far  more  than  is 
given  him.  Hence  the  earnest  plea  for  Christian 
schools,  "  where  men  and  women  work  for  souls 
and  for  eternity  as  well  as  time." 

There  are,  of  course,  failings  to  offset  these 
virtues — such  contrasts  are  not  unknown  among 
white  men  and  women.  Polygamy  and  the 
putting  away  of  husbands  and  wives  without 
other  ceremony  are  common.  Happy  girl  life 
is  practically  unknown.  Often  a  girl  is  married 
at  twelve  years  of  age,  and  to  a  man  old  enough 
to  be  her  father,  or  grandfather.  The  native  re- 
ligion is  largely  superstition,  and  its  practices 
are  heathen.  •'  Snake  dances,  feather  dances, 
ghost  dances,  corn  dances,  and  many  more,  are 
used  to  propitiate  the  spirits,  insure  good  crops 
or  secure  success  in  hunting  or  war."  Of  the 
laws    of    health,   of   matters   of   propriety   and 


NATIVE  AMERICANS  19 

manners,  from  the  standpoint  of  civilization, 
there  is  absolute  ignorance.  And  yet,  while 
taking  account  of  all  the  evil  tendencies,  the 
problem  of  Christian  education  for  Indian  child- 
hood and  youth  is  full  of  encouragement.  If  only 
they  can  be  guarded  and  guided  until  the  founda- 
tion of  righteousness  is  firmly  established,  they 
will  manifest  courtesy  and  cordiahty  to  their  fel- 
low men,  they  will  be  brave  and  strong,  they 
will  recognize  a  Power  higher  than  their  own 
and  worthy  of  devotion  and  worship.  And  these 
are  traits  of  good  citizenship. 

"  But  even  when  they  have  been  educated," 
says  some  objector,  ••  they  go  back  to  their  old 
ways,  put  on  the  blanket  dress,  and  forget  what 
they  have  learned."  Oh,  no,  not  all  do  that,  by 
any  means.  But  (ew  white  people  realize  what 
Indian  lads  and  maidens  have  to  encounter  when 
returning  from  distant  schools  to  their  uncivilized 
homes.  They  come  to  dugouts,  or  similar  dwell- 
ings, without  furniture  or  other  appliances  of 
home-making,  in  place  of  the  neat  schoolrooms 
in  which  they  have  been  trained.  There  is  little 
opportunity  for  earning  money,  especially  for  the 
girls.  Solemn  family  and  tribal  councils  dictate 
their  future  in  no  friendly  spirit. 

If  a  white  child  were  thus  situated,  he  would 
run  away,  sure  that  in  some  other  community  he 
could  secure  work  and  be  able  to  make  an  honest 
living.     But  where  can  an  Indian  boy  or  girl  go  ? 


20  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

It  requires  strength  of  character  beyond  the  ordi- 
nary to  resist  under  such  conditions,  and  to  remain 
true  to  the  teachings  received.  All  honour  to 
those  who  do  resist,  and  in  so  doing  become  real 
uplifting  forces  among  their  people. 

"  Does  it  pay  ?  "  is  the  initial  question  of  the 
times.  So  it  is  not  strange  if  some  one  asks, 
"  Why  have  mission  schools  for  the  Indians  in 
plcices  where  there  are  government  schools  ? " 
The  question  may  find  reply  through  another  : 
"  Why  have  church  schools  been  established  for 
our  own  children  side  by  side  with  first-class 
public  schools  ? "  The  answer  to  both  is  well 
stated  in  a  leaflet  published  by  the  American 
Missionary  Association  : 

The  most  essential  work  to  be  done  for  the  Indian  is  relig- 
ious. We  have  before  us  now  the  problem  of  the  Indian  who 
has  lost  the  faith  of  his  fathers  and  has  found  nothing  to  take  its 
place.  His  last  state  is  worse  than  his  first.  To  meet  this  con- 
dition and  need,  the  government  school  is  helpless.  God's 
call  is  for  the  Christian  church  to  fulfill  its  mission.  We  must 
provide  the  Christian  school,  which  can  do  for  the  Indian  three 
essential  things  above  and  beyond  what  the  government  school 
can.  First,  it  can  introduce  the  Indian  to  the  Christian  life. 
That  it  can  do  this  successfully  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  ninety 
per  cent,  of  those  who  go  through  our  missionary  schools  now, 
go  out  as  professing  Christians. 

Second,  it  can  establish  the  growing  boys  and  girls  of  the 
Indians  in  habits  of  Christian  thinking  and  doing,  in  the  prac- 
tice of  right  and  loving  relationships  with  others,  and  bring  ihem 
into  full  possession  of  social  ideals  that  are  Christian. 

Third,  it  can  send  out  trained  young  men  and  women  to  lift 


NATIVE  AMERICANS  21 

their  own  people  to  the  same  plane  of  living.  The  greatest 
need  of  every  tribe  is  trained  Christian  leaders  from  among 
their  own  people.  These  the  government  school,  in  the  very 
nature  of  the  case,  cannot  supply.  How  do  we,  white  Ameri- 
cans, get  such  leaders  ?  Certainly  the  public  school  does  not 
supply  them.  We  have  Christian  schools  and  academies, 
normal  training-schools,  the  Christian  college  and  theological 
seminary.  A  necessity  to  the  right  solution  of  the  Indian  prob- 
lem is  the  missionary  schools. 

A  familiar  story  states  that  a  small  "  brave  " 
who  was  bound  to  his  mother's  back  in  cus- 
tomary Indian  fashion,  said,  "  I  go  ahead  back- 
wards. I  don't  know  what  is  coming,  so  I  can't 
dodge  it  until  it  is  passed."  Apocryphal  as  the 
story  may  be,  its  application  to  much  of  the 
Indian  "  policy "  of  the  past  is  unquestioned. 
But  among  the  missionary  societies,  at  least, 
there  is  no  "  going  ahead  backwards."  They 
have  learned  that  the  key  to  the  situation,  with 
the  Indians  as  with  other  races,  is  in  the  hands 
of  these  same  little  papooses,  and  they  are  loosing 
the  thongs  that  bind  them  hand  and  foot  in 
their  cradles,  are  placing  them  on  their  feet  and 
teaching  those  feet  to  walk  in  straight  paths. 
They  are  training  them  for  to-morrow. 

OPPORTUNITIES  FOUND  AND  MADE 
The  great  difference  between  us  and  the  Indians  is  the  dif 
ference    of  opportunities. —  Captain   Pratt,   Superintendent  of 
Carlisle  Indian  School. 

Dr.  Montezuma,  a  full-blooded  Apache,  worked  his  way 
through  school  and  graduated  from  a  Chicago  medical  college 


22  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOREOW 

at  the  age  of  twenty-five,  afterwards  becoming  resident  physi- 
cian at  Carlisle  Indian  School.  "  My  case,"  he  asserts,  "  is 
exceptional  only  because  I  have  received  exceptional  treat- 
ment." What  change  would  have  been  made  in  the  pages  of 
American  history  if  to  the  Apache  tribe,  notoriously  warlike 
and  bloodthirsty,  there  had  been  given  "  exceptional  treat- 
ment " ! 

"  A  daughter  of  a  Shaker — not  the  quaint  and  harmless  sect 
that  the  East  knows,  but  a  strange,  hybrid,  pagan  superstition 
grafted  on  ceremonial  forms  of  Catholicism,  a  sect  of  itself — 
fired  by  ambition  to  gain  education  and  learn  white  people's 
ways,  inspired  by  the  example  of  more  fortunate  associates, 
braved  her  father's  anger  and  refused  to  marry  the  man  to 
whom  she  had  been  bartered  according  to  custom.  For  months 
and  years  she  withstood  persuasion,  commands,  threats  and 
beatings.  Once,  after  running  away  at  the  risk  of  her  life,  she 
was  returned  to  her  father.  At  last  she  won  the  privilege  of 
attending  school  and  learning  to  work.  Have  her  white  sisters 
sacrificed  so  much  for  so  little  ?  " 

"  In  one  Indian  home  where  three  years  ago  piles  of  mats 
and  rags  on  the  floor  answered  for  a  bed,  and  only  a  stove,  a 
trunk,  and  a  table  furnished  the  room,  there  are  now  three 
beds  covered  with  patchwork  quilts,  a  rocking-chair  and  plain 
chairs,  a  bureau,  curtains  at  the  windows,  and  pictures  on  the 
walls.  In  the  kitchen  are  chairs,  a  table,  and  dishes  on  which 
wholesome  food  is  served.  Mother  and  daughter  have  replaced 
the  blanket  by  hat  and  cape.  The  children  have  hats  and 
bonnets  and  go  to  school."  So  much  for  the  power  of  kindly 
example  and  personal  influence. 

No  statement  of  Indian  possibilities  would  be  complete  with- 
out mention  of  the  alphabet  of  the  Cherokee  language,  invented 
by  Sequoyah,  a  half-breed  of  the  tribe.  For  twelve  years  he 
pondered  over  the  mystery  of  the  white  man's  "talking  papers," 
and  studied  out  the  symbols  that  now  represent  the  eighty-six 
sounds  of  the  Cherokee  tongue. 


NATIVE  AMEEICANS  23 

What  a  pity  that  no  actual  picture  could  be  "  taken  on  the 
spot,"  of  the  solemn  tribal  council  that  considered  and  formally 
adopted  this  alphabet !  Thanks  to  this  adoption,  many  of  "  the 
Cherokee  traditions,  charms  and  sacred  formulas "  were  pre- 
served as  in  no  other  Indian  tribes.  What  hieroglyphics  have 
done  for  ancient  history,  Sequoyah's  alphabet  has  done  for  the 
Cherokees. 

I  have  thirty  pupils  on  roll,  boys  and  girls,  ages  between 
ten  and  twenty  years.  They  live  from  one  to  six  miles  from 
school,  and  they  have  to  walk  that  distance  every  day.  I  find 
that  they  are  very  regular  in  attendance.  During  the  winter 
in  the  worst  blizzard  (and  you  know  something  of  North 
Dakota  blizzards),  they  came  just  the  same.  Some  of  them 
are  poorly  off  in  clothing,  still  they  don't  seem  to  mind  that. 
The  younger  children  sometimes  come  on  their  mothers'  or 
grandmothers'  backs. — From  a  letter  by  Robert  Higheagle,  a 
Hatnpton  graduate,  and  teacher  of  a  government  school  for  the 
Sioux,  in  North  Dakota,  among  Indians  who  are  citizens  and 
receive  no  government  help. 

A  PLEA  FOR  THE  INDIAN 

Put  yourselves  in  the  red  man's  place.  Fight  for  home  and 
country  for  three  hundred  years,  a  retreating  battle  against 
ever-increasing  numbers.  Leave  your  altars  and  the  ashes  of 
your  dead  beneath  every  step  of  your  conqueror's  feet  and  still 
fight  on.  Surrender  forest,  mountain  and  plain  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific,  until  you  reach  your  Thermopylae  in  the 
last  stronghold,  the  granite  peaks  of  the  Rockies,  and  the 
blackened  craters  of  the  Sierras. 

Is  this  man  worthy  of  your  steel  ?  If  he  is  not,  then  tear  the 
eagles  from  the  shoulders  of  every  one  of  your  military  men 
who  won  promotion  for  his  defeat. 

Take  one  example — Joseph,  the  Nez  Perces.  You  gave  the 
star  of  a  brigadier-general  not  to  the  man  who  defeated  him, 
but  to  the  man  to  whom  he  surrendered.  Did  he  not  ma- 
neuvre  general  after  general,  and  wear  out  army  after  army  in 


24  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

that  remarkable  retieal  of  eighteen  hundred  miles,  in  which  he 
was  impeded  by  his  women  and  children  until  the  snows  of 
winter  caught  them  in  the  mountains?  It  was  winter  and  the 
moans  of  the  suffering  little  ones  that  defeated  him.  It  was 
not  the  fear  of  the  military,  but  the  cries  of  his  helpless,  freezing 
children  that  melted  his  warrior  heart.  The  soul  of  a  grand 
manhood  breathes  in  his  words  of  capitulation  :  "  I  can  fight 
you  longer,  General  Miles,  and  I  would,  but  my  women  and 
children  are  freezing,  and  I  cannot  stand  their  cries." 

Is  there  nothing  in  this  to  honour,  and  is  not  such  nobility 
worthy  of  a  star,  even  though  it  be  found  in  an  untutored  red 
man  ?     Is  not  such  manhood  worth  saving  ? 

Later,  the  terms  upon  which  this  man  surrendered  were 
broken,  and  he  and  his  people  were  held  as  prisoners  of  war 
in  the  Indian  Territory. 

There,  as  I  stood  in  the  midst  of  one  hundred  little  graves 
(every  child  born  to  them  in  captivity  died  before  it  reached 
the  age  of  three  years),  this  man,  battle-scarred  and  heart- 
broken, stood  by  my  side  and  said,  "  These  little  graves  tell  no 
lies ;  keep  them  in  your  heart ;  tell  it  to  the  Great  Father  at 
Washington,  and  maybe  he  will  keep  his  word  and  have  pity 
on  my  dying  people."  Again  I  ask,  "  Is  not  this  man  and  the 
race  he  represents  worth  saving  ?  " — George  Lawrence  Spinning 
in  Home  Mission  Monthly. 

UNDER  CHRISTIAN  TEACHING 
The  young  woman  who  is  trying  to  lead  a  Christian  life  takes 
her  Sunday-school  pictures  home  and  pins  them  upon  the  log 
wall  under  the  gourds  that  her  father  obtained  from  a  Southern 
conjurer  at  a  great  price.  These  gourds  have  shot  in  them, 
which  will  be  rattled  to  drive  away  demons  in  case  of  sickness. 
The  young  Christian  man  will  be  led  by  his  relatives  to  look 
on  at  the  heathen  dance  and  there  in  the  excitement  and  crowd 
the  "  little  stick  "  will  be  forced  upon  him  and  he  will  feel 
obliged  to  give  up  his  property.  Then  he  comes  away  im- 
poverished and  ashamed. — Rev.  C.  L.  Hall. 

"  Some  of  the  young  Poncas  have  been  brought  under  the 


NATIVE  AMEEICANS  25 

influences  of  the  gospel,  but  they  are  persecuted,  reviled,  and 
discouraged.  Talking  with  one  of  them  one  day,  he  said,  '  You 
almost  persuade  me  to  be  a  Christian,  but  oh,  you  cannot  know 
what  we  young  men  have  to  endure  when  we  turn  to  the  right 
way.' " 

Testit}tony  of  Christian  Indians. — "  I  am  different  since  I 
came  under  Jesus.  I  do  not  do  like  I  used  to  do.  I  used  to 
swear  at  my  wife.  Now  I  do  not  kick  my  dog.  I  feel  different 
inside.     I  believe  Jesus  in  me." 

Another  said,  "  I  got  plenty  devil  outside  me,  but  Jesus  man 
got  Jesus  in  him." 

"  When  I  first  became  a  Christian  I  thought  if  I  was  baptized 
I  was  all  right.  I  thought  when  I  was  baptized  I  was  saved 
and  I  could  do  what  I  wanted  and  do  as  I  liked.  I  thought  I 
could  go  on  gambling  and  drinking  just  the  same.  But  now  I 
know  that  it  is  not  that  baptizing  that  saves  me.  I  must  follow 
the  Jesus  road  and  try  to  do  right  and  give  up  the  old  way." 

"  Among  the  Sioux  Indians  a  baby  was  dying.  It  lay  in  its 
father's  arms,  while  near  by  stood  another  little  daughter,  a  few 
years  older,  who  was  a  Christian. 

" '  Father,'  said  the  little  girl,  '  little  sister  is  going  to  heaven 
to-night.  Let  us  pray ! '  As  she  said  this  she  kneeled  at 
her  father's  knee,  and  this  sweet  prayer  fell  from  her  lips: 
'  Father  God,  little  sister  is  coming  to  see  you  to-night.  Please 
open  the  door  softly  and  let  her  in.     Amen.'  " 

From  a  letter  written  by  Saddle  Mountain  Mission  Indians 
to  an  Indian  agent  whose  young  son  had  suffered  amputation 
of  a  leg. — "  To-day  we  have  learned  that  great  sorrow  has  come 
to  your  life  because  your  boy,  whom  you  love  very  dearly,  has 
had  to  suffer  again.  We  are  only  poor  Indians,  and  we  cannot 
help  you  any,  but  we  all  feel  that  we  can  tell  you  that  we  are 
sorry  for  you  and  for  him. 

"  When  a  big  storm  comes,  our  horses  bunch  together  be- 
tween the  mountains,  and  stand  with  their  heads  down,  trying 
to  keep  each  other  warm.     A  great  storm  of  trouble  has  come 


26  CITIZElSrS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

to  you  and  to  us,  lately.  Let  us  put  our  hearts  together,  and 
with  our  heads  bowed  down  try  to  comfort  each  other  under 
the  shadows  of  the  mighty  Rock,  Jesus. 

"  We  are  poor  Indians  and  cannot  help  you  any,  but  we  can 
promise  you  that  we  will  be  good  citizens  and  not  give  you  any 
trouble.  We  put  our  hearts  beside  yours  in  your  trouble,  and 
pray  that  both  you  and  your  boy  may  meet  us  some  day  in  the 
home  Jesus  is  preparing  for  us  all." 

WHAT  AMERICA  WANTS 

"  If  the  Indians  had  not  been  a  rare  race  they  would  have 
been  destroyed  or  assimilated  long  ago.  But  they  are  Indian 
to  the  backbone  still.  We  who  are  proud  of  our  Anglo-Saxon 
traits  thank  God  that  the  Indian  could  neither  be  destroyed  nor 
enslaved.  He  would  die,  but  he  would  never  be  a  crouching 
suppliant  at  his  white  foe's  feet.  Pure  Indian  blood  is  the 
blood  of  royalty,  and  in  every  heart  beats  the  spirit  of  a  king, 
and  what  America  wants  is  kingly  citizens." 

ALASKANS 

The  Alaskan  peninsula  with  its  adjacent 
islands  is  a  land  of  contrasts.  There  are  long, 
dark  winters  and  short,  hot  summers ;  treeless 
plains  and  plains  clad  with  "  an  unbroken  carpet 
of  verdure"  ;  volcanic  cones,  marvellous  glaciers, 
and  tundras  carpeted  with  moss  and  lichens ; 
sections  where  the  white  man  has  never  pene- 
trated and  the  polar  bear  has  kw  rivals  in  the 
animal  kingdom,  and  others  where  salmon  fish- 
ing, drying,  and  canning  have  brought  something 
of  eastern  civilization. 

Its  homes  are  as  varied  as  its  natural  condi- 
tions.    The   Innuit   or   Eskimos,   living   chiefly 


"A  LONE,  LONE   LAND" 
A  missionary  in  Alaska  looking  toward  home.     "They  count  not  lift 
lo  be  dear  to  them,"  but  they  watch  and  pray  for  reinforcements 


NATIVE  AMEEICANS  27 

along  the  coast,  make  for  their  winter  dvvelUngs 
circular  mounds  of  earth  covered  with  grass,  and 
entered  through  a  small,  narrow  hallway ;  the 
main  room  is  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet  in  di- 
ameter, without  light  or  ventilation  except 
through  a  hole  in  the  top  for  the  escape  of  the 
smoke.  In  the  summer  they  live  nomadic  lives, 
camping  where  they  find  opportunity  to  lay  in 
supplies  of  salmon  and  seal  for  their  winter 
needs. 

The  Aleuts,  occupying  the  Aleutian  islands 
and  portions  of  the  mainland,  have  been  in  the 
pathway  of  whaling  vessels  and  sealers,  and  thus 
learned  more  of  civilization.  They  build  small, 
and  somewhat  rude  houses,  often  of  sods  (barab- 
aras),  and  some  of  them  have  stoves,  beds,  and 
other  conveniences. 

The  Indians — including  various  tribes,  as  the 
Chilkat,  Thlinget,  and  Hydah — are  scattered  over 
both  mainland  and  islands.  They  are  warlike 
and  savage,  the  terror,  as  a  rule,  of  the  other  in- 
habitants. The  familiar  totem  columns  charac- 
terize many  of  their  villages. 

On  King's  Island  is  a  village  of  cave-dwellers, 
whose  underground  houses  are  dug  in  the  side 
of  a  hill  close  by  a  permanent  snowbank  that  fills 
a  ravine  to  the  height  above  the  water  of  some 
eight  hundred  feet.  In  a  natural  cave  with  a 
huge  bank  of  perpetual  snow  at  its  back,  is  "  the 
storehouse"  of  the  whole  village.     As  the  tern- 


28  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOKKOW 

perature  never  rises  above  freezing  point,  walrus 
and  seal  stored  there  soon  freeze  solid  and  keep 
indefinitely — Nature's  "  cold  storage." 

Among  conditions  like  these,  shut  away  from 
civilization  and  Christianity,  save  as  missionary 
effort  reaches  them,  American  boys  and  girls  are 
growing  up  to  be  American  citizens.  We  are 
but  just  beginning  to  realize  the  wonderful  natu- 
ral resources  of  this  region.  Exploration  and 
trade  are  revealing  new  wealth  to  such  an  extent 
that  none  dares  prophesy  what  Alaska  will  be- 
come in  the  next  twenty-five  years.  But  one 
thing  is  certain — from  homes  such  as  those  de- 
scribed we  cannot  expect  trained  manhood  and 
womanhood. 

With  the  needs  of  Alaskans,  young  and  old, 
no  one  is  more  conversant  than  the  Rev,  Sheldon 
Jackson,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  United  States  General 
Agent  of  Education  in  Alaska,  and  an  earnest 
missionary  worker.     Dr.  Jackson  says  : 

'  The  Eskimos  are  barbarians,  and  with  the  exception  of  those 
in  Southern  Alaska,  have  not  had  civilizing,  educational  or  re- 
ligious advantages.  .  .  .  Five  seems  to  be  the  basis  and 
almost  the  extent  of  their  mathematical  knowledge.  After  the 
age  of  four  is  reached,  none  of  the  parents  can  tell  the  age  of 
their  children. 

Polygamy  prevails  among  the  Alaskan  Indians,  and  wives 
are  taken  and  discarded  at  pleasure.  Female  infanticide  is  oc- 
casionally practiced.  Shamanism  and  witchcraft,  with  all  their 
attendant  barbarities,  prevail.  .  .  .  The  husband  buys  his 
wife,  frequently  a  mere  girl,  from  her  parents. 


NATIVE  AMERICANS  29 

"  Passing  from  house  to  house  [among  the  Eskimos  of  St. 
Lawrence  Island]  I  was  followed  by  a  crowd  of  dirty  but 
bright-looking  children.  From  the  eldest  to  the  child  just  able 
to  talk,  they  asked  me  for  tobacco,  which  is  used  by  both  sexes 
and  all  ages,  down  to  the  nursing  child." 

Other  missionaries  tell  similar  stories  of  igno- 
rance and  need.  Intoxicants,  obtained  from  white 
men  or  smuggled  in  by  Chinese  employees  of  the 
canneries,  do  their  deadly  work  here,  as  else- 
where, and  we  need  not  wonder  at  the  "  starving 
children  shivering  with  cold."  "  Such  charity  as 
may  be  found  among  a  heathen  people  "  is  poor 
comfort  or  support  for  a  destitute  child.  Epi- 
demics, as  of  measles  and  the  grip,  sometimes 
sweep  away  whole  villages,  their  ravages  being 
unknown  until  months  afterwards,  it  may  be,  a 
whaling  ship  or  a  sealer  casts  anchor  to  find  only 
corpses  left  to  tell  the  tale. 

Such  are  the  conditions  in  Alaska,  and  one  in- 
stinctively asks, "  Is  it  possible  for  children  living 
thus,  with  such  hereditary  influences  behind  them, 
and  at  such  distances  from  civilized  Christianity, 
to  become  intelligent  youths  and  to  grow  up 
into  intelligent  citizens  ?  "  Commerce  gives  no 
encouraging  answer ;  the  white  men  of  the 
ships  are  the  curse  of  Alaskan  girls.  We  must 
turn  again  to  a  story  of  missionary  life,  no  less 
heroic  than  any  that  challenges  our  admiration. 
An  annual  report  of  the  Sitka  training-school 
names  among  the  occupations  of  its  graduates, 


30  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

boat-building,  carpentry,  dressmaking,  steam  en- 
gineering, teaching,  hospital  nursing,  and  mis- 
sionary work,  as  well  as  presiding,  as  wives  and 
mothers,  over  intelligent  Christian  homes.  There 
must  be  natural  capabilities  to  bring  results  like 
these. 

This  school  is  a  veritable  House  of  Refuge  for 
helpless  Alaskan  youths,  as  the  following  inci- 
dents prove: 

A  few  years  ago  a  little  girl  was  accused  of  witchcraft.  The 
tribe  bound  her  with  a  rope.  A  stalwart  chief,  holding  one  end 
of  the  rope,  walked  in  advance,  dragging  the  child  after  him, 
while  another  came  behind,  holding  the  other  end  of  the  rope. 
These  men  were  the  admiration  of  the  tribe  for  their  bravery 
in  holding  between  them  a  puny,  starved  child  of  ten.  She 
was  rescued  and  taken  to  the  Mission  Home. 

Another  girl,  to  prevent  becoming  a  plural  wife  with  her  own 
mother,  by  marriage  to  her  stepfather,  ran  away  and  came  to 
the  school. 

One  of  the  boys  had  been  sold  as  a  slave  twice  before  he 
was  brought  to  the  school.  Another  had  been  tied  up  as  a 
worker  of  witchcraft,  and  kept  for  days  without  food.  A  third 
had  been  shot  as  a  slave. 

Eskimo  and  Aleutian  children,  as  a  rule,  are 
much  prettier  than  Indian  boys  and  girls,  having 
a  certain  delicacy  and  refinement  in  their  features 
— apparent  after  they  are  clean  and  properly 
dressed.  Here,  as  in  most  mission  fields,  the 
work  of  bodily  cleansing  is  no  small  part  of  the 
missionary's  tasks.  A  missionary  in  Unalaska 
writes  of  one  of  these  girls :  "  Pretty  child !     I 


NATIVE  AMEEICANS  31 

often  look  into  the  future,  pondering  her  fate, 
with  a  sad  heart.  Sometimes  I  wish  the  good 
God  would  take  her  home.  Her  head  is  a  mop 
of  nut-brown  curls  with  gold  tangled  in  the 
meshes,  and  the  most  flowerhke  little  face.  Her 
mother  has  sunk  to  the  depths,  and  wants  some 
one  to  take  her  little  girl  and  save  her.  She 
has  considerable  ability  and  a  capacity  for  joy  to 
be  envied." 

Through  the  tireless  efforts  of  Dr.  Jackson, 
the  United  States  government  has  imported  rein- 
deer from  Siberia,  and  these  furnish  the  begin- 
ning of  a  new  and  important  help  for  Alaska. 
They  multiply  rapidly,  and  their  flesh  for  food 
and  fur  for  clothing,  besides  their  usefulness  for 
driving,  are  most  valuable  to  the  Arctic  dwellers. 
A  new  occupation,  as  herders,  is  thus  opened  up 
to  the  young  men  of  this  region,  and  it  promises 
much  for  the  future  of  Alaska. 


SOME  ALASKAN  YOUNG  PEOPLE 

A  six-year-old  Eskimo  boy  was  brought  from  Point  Barrow, 
the  most  northern  settlement  on  the  American  continent,  and 
placed  in  the  Mission  School  at  Sitka.  Six  years  later,  he  was 
sent  to  the  Carlisle  school,  from  which  he  graduated  with 
honour,  and  went  to  college. 

An  orphan  boy  begged  to  be  allowed  to  go  to  school,  but  his 
uncle  claimed  his  services  as  a  help  in  his  fishing,  and  refused 
to  spare  him.  One  day,  while  the  two  were  a  long  distance 
from  shore,  the  uncle,  angry  at  the  boy's  persistence,  threw  him 
out  of  the  canoe  and  told  him  to  go  to  school  if  he  wanted  to. 


32  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

After  a  fearful  struggle  with  the  waves,  the  little  fellow  reached 
the  shore  and  the  school. 

"  He  was  the  first  of  the  pupils  to  give  his  heart  to  the 
Saviour,  and  through  his  efforts  his  heathen  aunt  and  uncle  and 
other  relatives  became  Christians.  He  was  brought  East  and 
given  a  course  of  training  in  Mt.  Vernon,  Mass.,  and  returning 
to  his  people,  was  made  interpreter  and  assistant  missionary. 
When  he  died,  in  the  autumn  of  1902,  scores  of  the  natives 
claimed  him  as  their  spiritual  father." 

In  1898  a  Chicago  capitalist,  attracted  by  an  Aleut  girl  in 
the  Mission  Home  at  Unalaska,  took  her  home  with  him,  plac- 
ing her  in  one  of  the  best  schools  of  Chicago.  Entering  the 
third  grade,  she  graduated  in  five  years  at  the  head  of  her  class, 
and  received  a  gold  medal  in  competition  with  twelve  hundred 
boys  and  girls  from  the  best  American  homes, 

Frances  Willard,  a  young  Thlinget  girl,  was  educated  in  the 
East,  and  returning  as  a  missionary  to  her  own  people,  has  re- 
duced their  language  to  writing  and  prepared  a  dictionary  of 
the  same. 

"  The  story  of  Metlakahtla  "  is  a  marvellous  rehearsal  of  the 
power  of  the  gospel  to  regenerate  Alaskan  savages  as  really 
and  as  completely  as  if  they  were  on  the  South  Sea  Islands  or 
in  the  interior  of  Africa.  Another  of  the  Alaskan  contrasts  is 
thus  pictured : 

"  The  first  sight  the  missionary  beheld  on  coming  to  this  peo- 
ple was  the  cremation  of  a  living  mother  by  two  infuriated 
braves  she  had  suckled  at  her  breast.  The  first  thing  we  saw 
ashore,  forty  years  later,  was  a  crippled  mother  being  carried  to 
church  by  her  two  stalwart  sons.  Who  wouldn't  rather  accom- 
plish a  work  like  this  than  explore  continents,  discover  gold, 
measure  glaciers,  weigh  mountains,  build  railroads,  climb  to 
the  stars,  and  explain  the  universe  ?  " 

"  No  heathenism  under  the  stars  and  stripes  "  ?  An  Alaskan 
lad  of  fifteen  years,  a  convert  to  Christianity,  was  buried  alive, 


NATIVE  AMERICANS  33 

because  he  had  aroused  the  wrath  of  the  superstitious  old  men 
of  his  tribe  by  denouncing  the  mummeries  of  the  medicine  men. 
The  missionary,  searching  for  the  boy,  found  a  new-made 
grave,  which  he  quickly  opened.  The  poor  Uttle  lad  was  still 
alive,  but  died  a  few  hours  later  from  the  suffering  and  fright. 

"  God  give  me  His  salvation,"  said  Adlooat,  a  converted 
Alaskan  who  became  an  efficient  missionary  to  his  people, 
"  maybe  a  barrel  or  more.  I  don't  know  how  much.  Thinks 
I  cannot  measure  it.  My  heart  feels  like  glory  inside  and  I 
likes  to  hear  some  one  say  it." 

Surely  the  heroic  men  and  women  who  voluntarily  shut 
themselves  out  of  the  world  and  calmly  face,  year  after  year, 
a  polar  winter,  with  its  long,  depressing  night  (which  hardy 
men  in  Arctic  exploration  get  enough  of  in  two  years),  who 
brave  alike  the  fanaticism  and  superstition  of  ignorant  and 
barbarous  people,  and  treat  with  diseases  as  deadly  and  dan- 
gerous as  leprosy — who  do  all  this  gladly  that  they  may  carry 
to  those  dark,  wretched  and  cruel  northern  homes  the  light  and 
joy  of  the  gospel,  deserve  and  should  have,  the  daily  remem- 
brance at  the  Throne  of  Grace,  of  all  of  God's  people. — Dr, 
Sheldon  Jackson. 

A  silent  land ! 
Send  sweet  speech  of  the  word  of  God, 
Through  snowy  silence,  o'er  bloomless  sod. 
The  gospel  story  rings  through  our  lands, 
Send  its  music  to  those  still  strands, 

That  silent  land. 

A  lone,  lone  land  ! 
Circle  the  icy  zone  with  prayer, 
Pour  out  your  gold  for  the  heralds  there. 
Care  for  them,  plead  for  them ;  harvest  yield. 
Send  more  labourers  into  the  field, 

To  that  lone  land. 


M  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

A  lone,  lone  land  ! 
They  heed  not  peril,  nor  toil,  nor  shame ; 
They  count  not  life  to  be  dear  to  them. 
Shall  we  our  worldly  goods  withhold  ? 
Shall  we  keep  back  our  silver  and  gold 
From  that  lone  land  ? 

— Selected. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS 
Indians 

Who  are  the  real  "  native  Americans  "  ? 

What  special  needs  among  the  Indians  call  for  missionary 
effort  ? 

What  Indian  traits  constitute  a  good  foundation  of  character  ? 

What  difficulties  do  Indian  young  people  find  on  returning 
to  their  homes  from  distant  schools  ? 

What  can  the  Christian  school  do  for  the  Indians  that  the 
government  school  cannot  ? 

Alaskans 
Describe  natural  conditions  in  Alaska,  and  the  homes  of  its 
people. 

What  heathen  practices  are  common  in  Alaska  ? 
What  evil  influences  come  to  the  natives  from  outside  ? 
What  is  said  about  the  graduates  of  the  Sitka  training-school  ? 
What  service  will  the  reindeer  render  to  Alaskans  ? 

Give  brief  summary  of  what  should  be  done  to  fit  the  Indian 
and  Alaskan  young  people  for  citizenship. 

REFERENCES 
Vanishing  Indian  Types.     Finely  illustrated,     E.  S.  Curtis. 
Scribner's  Magazine,  May  and  June,  1906. 

The  Indian  of  To-day  and  To-morrow.  Charles  M.  Harvey. 
A  good  refutation  of  the  frequent  but  false  statement  that 
"  the  only  good  Indian  is  a  dead  Indian."  Review  of  Reviews, 
June,  1906. 


NATIVE  AMERICANS  35 

The  Indian's  Yoke.  Frances  Campbell  Sparhawk.  North 
American  Review,  January,  1906. 

The  Human  Side  of  the  Indian.  Alexander  F.  Chamberlain, 
Ph,  D.     Popular  Science  Monthly,  June,  1906. 

The  Indian  of  To-day.  Hon.  P'rancis  C.  Leupp.  Youth's 
Companion,  April  25,  1907. 

Renaming  the  Indians.  Forrest  Crissey.  The  World  of 
Today,  January,  1906. 

A  Peep  at  the  Indian  Children  in  Oklahoma.  Ida  A.  Roff. 
The  Outlook,  January  6,  1903. 

Culture  Conditions  in  Alaska,  Dazie  M.  Stromstadt.  Edu- 
cation, Sept.,  1906. 

PROGRAM  SUGGESTIONS 
In   General 

Secure  all  possible  illustrations  for  each  lesson.  Photographs 
and  pictures  like  those  issued  by  the  Perry  Pictures  Company, 
will  be  found  most  helpful.  Cut  pictures  from  magazines  and 
papers,  and  mount  them  on  cardboard. 

Have  a  map  of  the  United  States  large  enough  to  be  seen 
across  the  room  in  which  the  meeting  is  held,  (Many  trunk 
lines  of  railroad  issue  maps  that  may  be  made  available.)  If 
nothing  better  can  be  obtained,  enlist  the  aid  of  a  schoolboy  or 
girl  and  have  a  map  drawn  in  outline,  on  heavy  paper,  or 
opaque  or  Holland  curtain  cloth.  On  the  map  as  the  lessons 
progress,  paste  pictures  of  the  various  races  studied,  using  pref. 
erably  those  of  children. 

Make  liberal  use  of  home  mission  postal  cards,  especially  as 
invitations  to  the  meetings. 

Appoint  at  the  beginning  of  the  study,  special  representatives 
for  each  race  or  class  to  be  considered,  the  duty  of  each  being  to 
give  the  very  latest  news  from  the  field  at  the  meeting  in  which 
her  topic  is  considered. 

Form  a  Reading  Circle  for  outside  reading  of  books  bearing 
on  the  various  subjects. 

Have  curios  to  be  examined  during  the  social  hour. 


36  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOREOW 

Have  abundant  leaflets  on  the  topic,  for  distribution  at  the 
close  of  each  meeting. 

Indians  and  Alaskans 

Place  pictures  on  the  map,  arranging  them  so  as  to  show  the 
sections  of  country  which  are  occupied  by  the  Indians,  Aleuts, 
and  Eskimos. 

Spend  a  few  moments  in  giving  the  names  of  Indian  tribes. 

"  Five  Minutes  with  Hiawatha  "  may  be  used  to  bring  to 
mind  traits  and  customs  of  the  Indians  of  the  olden  time. 
Show,  in  contrast,  pictures  of  educated  Indians  of  to-day. 

Get  some  bright  boy  to  whittle  out  a  kayak  and  manufacture 
a  skin  tent  (topek).  It  will  help  the  mother-society  and,  what 
is  still  more  important,  will  interest  the  boy  in  home  missions. 


CHILDREN  OF  THE  SUN 


Ye  are  like  to  coins. 
Some  true,  some  light,  but  every  one  of  you 
Stamp'd  with  the  Image  of  the  King. 

—  Tennyson. 

The  history  of  a  man's  childhood  is  the  description  of  his 
parents  and  environment. —  Thomas  Carlyle. 

Being  a  child  must  not  hinder  becoming  a  man.     Becoming 
a  man  must  not  hinder  being  a  child. — SchUirmacher. 


BIBLE  LESSON 

The  Law  of  the  Neighbour 

Thou  shalt  love  thy  neighbour. — Matt.  5  :  43. 

Who  is  my  neighbour  ? — Luke  10  :  29. 

(Who  are  our  "  neighbours,"  in  the  Bible  sense  of  the  word  ?) 

In  righteousness  shalt  thou  judge  thy  neighbour. — Lev. 
19:15. 

Devise  not  evil  against  thy  neighbour. — Prov.  3  :  29. 

(In  the  light  of  these  commands,  both  positive  and  negative, 
how  must  race  or  class  prejudice  that  withholds  the  helping 
hand  be  regarded  ?) 

Speak  ye  every  man  the  truth  to  his  neighbour ;  execute  the 
judgment  of  truth  and  peace  in  your  gates ;  and  let  none  of 
you  imagine  evil  in  your  hearts  against  his  neighbour. — Zech. 
8:  16,  17. 

(What  is  meant  by  "  the  judgment  of  truth  and  peace  "  ?) 

And  Jesus  answered  .  .  .  Thou  shalt  love  the  Lord  thy  God 
with  all  thy  heart  and  with  all  thy  soul,  and  with  all  thy  mind 
and  with  all  thy  strength.     This  is  the  first  commandment. 

And  the  second  is  like,  namely  this : 

Thou  shalt  love  thy  neighbour  as  thyself. — Mark  12:  29-31. 

("  Thou  shalt  love  Ihy  neighbour's  children  as  thine  own." 
Does  the  commandment  imply  this  ?  If  so,  what  is  our  per- 
sonal duty  and  how  can  it  be  performed  ?) 


II 

CHILDREN  OF  THE  SUN 

"  "llk^  nr  OT  long  ago,"  writes  a  missionary, 
^^  "  I  entered  the  cabin  of  an  industrious 
JL  ^  coloured  man  who  deserves  home 
comforts,  being  temperate,  honest  and  kind  to 
his  family.  Alas,  no  zenana  of  India  is  in 
greater  need  of  housewifery  than  the  place  he 
calls  home.  His  wife  is  a  mere  child  herself  in 
practical  knowledge,  although  the  mother  of  two 
children.  She  is  untidy  in  person  and  premises. 
Their  diet  is  corn  meal,  buttermilk,  a  few  vege- 
tables, and  poorly-cooked  pork." 

Doubtless  further  details  might  truthfully  have 
been  added  to  the  story.  In  that  home,  as  in 
many  others,  the  day's  provisions  were  probably 
cooked  in  the  morning,  in  one  dish,  and  when- 
ever parents  or  children  were  hungry  they  helped 
themselves  from  the  common  store,  sometimes 
eating  directly  from  the  cooking  kettle,  some- 
times taking  their  portion  into  a  pan  that  did 
service  also  as  wash  basin  for  the  family. 
These,  with  an  iron  spoon,  frequently  constitute 
the  sole  eating  utensils  of  the  home.  The  place 
of  tables  is  supplied  by  the  floor,  often  of  dirt 
only,  or  the  door-step. 

Into  a  home  like  this  came  a  young  girl  to 
39 


40  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

board  while  teaching  school  in  a  near-by  cabin. 
Trained  in  an  Industrial  Home,  accustomed  to 
the  decencies  of  life,  to  say  nothing  of  its  courte- 
sies, she  asked  where  she  was  to  sleep. 

"  Over  there  in  the  corner,"  answered  the  mis- 
tress of  the  home. 

"  But  where  do  you  sleep — and  the  boys  ?  " — 
the  two  grown-up  sons  who,  with  father  and 
mother,  constituted  the  family. 

"  Oh,  over  here  in  the  other  corner,"  was  the 
reply. 

"  But  I  can't  sleep  that  way,"  remonstrated 
the  girl,  only  to  find  that  a  temporary  screen 
made  of  her  own  clothing  was  the  sole  remedy 
for  the  appalling  conditions. 

An  invitation  to  immorality  ?  Certainly.  But 
the  sense  of  horror  gives  place  to  admiration 
when  one  considers  the  heroism  of  a  girl  trained 
to  neatness  and  propriety  who  could  endure 
even  the  beginning  of  such  discomforts  for  the 
sake  of  making  things  better.  For  not  only  did 
she  do  good  work  in  the  schoolroom,  but  the 
cabin  was  soon  remodeled,  the  curtain  provided 
by  herself  for  her  particular  "  corner  "  serving  as 
an  object-lesson,  and  speedily  bringing  a  request 
for  the  purchase  of  similar  material  for  making 
other  partitions. 

If  there  is  one  thing  needed  more  than  another 
for  the  elevation  of  the  children  and  youth  of 
the  Negro  race  in  our  country  to-day,  it  is  the 


How   niuiii   iiii'V   nccil  ihc  Irssoiis  of  tne 
Mission  Kindergarten  1 


A  cabin  home,  better  than  some,  but  from  this  a  daughter 
was  married  in  gown  of  white  silk,  with  a  yard-long  train! 
Who  will  teach  them  economy  and  the  "fitness,  of  things"  ? 

CABIN  HOMES 


CHILDREN  OF  THE  SUN  41 

manifold  multiplication  of  just  such  object-lessons, 
the  demonstration  of  the  possibilities  of  cleanli- 
ness and  respectability  in  even  one-roomed 
cabins,  the  removal  of  the  handicap  of  ignorance 
of  the  conditions  of  civilization  from  the  runners 
in  a  race  for  self-protection  and  self-advancement 
— a  race  against  fearful  odds.  The  description 
given  is,  of  course,  that  of  the  very  worst  condi- 
tions, conditions  similar  to  those  of  the  lowest 
grade  of  any  race  in  our  land.  But  the  uphft 
must  reach  the  lowest  if  it  is  to  be  effective. 

The  uneducated  men  and  women  of  the  present 
generation,  who  are  mothers  and  fathers  to-day, 
are  unable  to  give  the  home  teaching  that  is 
needed.  And  with  the  absence  of  home  lessons, 
the  progress  of  the  race  meets  its  first  and 
greatest  obstacle. 

Another  menace  to  the  race — a  danger  com- 
mon to  poverty  and  ignorance  wherever  found — 
is  the  limitation  of  its  wants.  No  Negro  child 
makes  "  collections "  as  do  the  children  in  our 
homes.  "  Stamp  albums  "  would  be  meaningless 
to  them  even  if  obtainable  ;  their  eyes  are  closed 
to  the  beauties  and  wonders  of  animal,  mineral 
and  plant.  Their  ideals  are  limited  by  their  en- 
vironment. An  interesting  study  was  carried  on 
through  the  cooperation  of  the  principals  of 
several  schools  for  coloured  children.  Some  thir- 
teen hundred  pupils  were  directed  to  write  written 
answers  to  the  questions,  "  Would  you  like  to  be 


42  CITIZEISTS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

rich  ?  Why  ?  How  much  money  of  your  own 
did  you  have  last  week?  What  did  you  do 
with  it  ?  " 

Among  the  reasons  given  for  desiring  riches 
were  the  following  :  "  So  I  could  wear  shoes  and 
an  overcoat  when  it  was  cold  " — "  could  have  a 
hot  fire  in  winter " — "  have  enough  to  pay  for 
rent  and  food " — "  could  help  mother  so  she 
would  not  have  to  go  out  washing  " — "  so  that 
when  you  want  anything  you  could  get  it,  and 
not  have  to  sit  down  and  wish  for  it,  because  you 
don't  get  it  when  you  wish."  In  the  entire  list 
there  was  scarcely  a  mention  of  books,  or  travel, 
or  opportunities  for  culture  and  study,  as  desir- 
able things.  They  were  beyond  even  the  imag- 
inations of  the  youthful  writers. 

Another  limitation  is  the  absence  of  a  sense  of 
the  real  dignity  of  work.  In  these  days  we  are 
rapidly  emphasizing  the  truth  that  the  only  true 
nobility  is  that  of  service — that  a  man,  or  a 
woman,  must  actually  do  something  in  order  to 
be  recognized  as  Somebody.  And  in  the 
to-morrow,  the  man,  or  the  race,  that  contrib- 
utes nothing  to  the  advancement  of  the  nation 
will  lose  step  in  the  march  and  fall  out  of  the 
ranks.  But,  falling  out,  as  stragglers  they  will 
constitute  a  perpetual  drag  and  danger  to  the 
advancing  column. 

Wise  leaders  of  the  Negro  race  see  this,  and 
constantly  and  persistently  give  warning  against 


CHILDEEN  OF  THE  SUN  43 

the  immediate  peril.  The  four  chief  elements  in 
the  uplift  of  the  race,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Washing- 
ton, are  the  acquisition  of  property,  economy, 
education,  and  Christian  charity.  One- fifth  of 
the  whole  number  of  children  already  referred 
to  thought  it  would  be  fine  to  "  live  bedout 
work." 

"  The  farm  is  the  solution,"  says  a  young 
coloured  man.  But  if  the  young  people  of  his 
race  fail  to  recognize  within  a  very  few  years 
that  agricultural  pursuits  open  to  them  a  wide 
chance,  the  land  will  be  overrun  with  immigrants 
and  the  chance  will  be  lost  to  them  forever. 

The  emotional  character  of  the  people,  as  often 
manifested  in  their  religion,  is  another  element 
of  menace.  To  "  come  through,"  in  a  series  of 
highly  exciting  meetings,  to  feel  a  mysterious 
reaction  that  masquerades  as  religion,  is  a  poor 
spiritual  ideal.  The  inheritance  of  moral  weak- 
ness must  be  recognized  in  all  efforts  to  establish 
the  true  Christian  stability  so  essential  to  man- 
hood and  womanhood. 

More  progress  has  been  made  in  education 
from  books  than  in  other  lines.  But  without 
more  schools  and  better  ones,  advancement  will 
be  sorely  impeded. 

The  Italian,  the  German,  the  Irishman,  has 
had  generations  of  struggle  behind  him.  The 
Negro  lacks  this  safeguard  and  support. 

Negro   girls,  North   as  well  as  South,  are  a 


44  CITIZENS  OF  TOMOEEOW 

prey  to  nameless  evils,  and  from  other  races  as 
well  as  their  own.  It  is  said  to  be  a  fact  that 
there  are  intelligence  offices  in  the  North  that 
make  a  regular  business  of  shipping  Negro  girls 
from  the  South  to  Northern  cities  by  large 
promises  of  work  and  wages,  ImmoraUty  and 
crime  are  the  almost  inevitable  result.  Their 
ignorant,  penniless  condition  makes  them  prac- 
tically helpless.  They  are  often  deliberately  sent 
for  employment  to  questionable  houses,  saloons, 
concert  halls,  and  other  dangerous  places.  Their 
wages  are  retained  by  the  offices  to  pay  the  ex- 
pense of  transportation,  and  in  numberless  other 
ways  the  girls  are  wronged  financially  as  well  as 
morally. 

Limitations  of  residence,  social  ostracism — a 
very  different  thing  from  social  separation,  and 
more  unmerciful — the  almost  insuperable  diffi- 
culties in  the  way  of  taking  up  trades  or  pro- 
fessions, are  especially  characteristic  of  Northern 
conditions  against  which  the  Negro  youths  of  to- 
day must  make  their  way  towards  citizenship  in 
the  to-morrow. 

LIGHTS  AND  SHADES 

When  we  consider  the  condition  of  coloured  children  .  .  . 
we  must  remember  their  birthright  of  sorrow  and  sin.  There 
hangs  around  them  none  of  the  romantic  interest  that  attaches 
to  the  historic  Indian  and  the  quaint  Chinese,  nor  even  the 
attraction  of  isolation  and  a  peculiar  religion  as  in  the  case  of 
Mormon  children.     These  little  Negroes  are  just  poor,  "  low 


CHILDEEN  OF  THE  SUN  45 

down  "  children,  who  are  often  their  own  worst  enemies. — 
Mrs.  Galusha  Anderson. 

"  The  Negro  is  a  child.  He  has  all  the  talented  qualities  of 
a  man,  but  in  the  meantime  he  must  be  regarded  as  a  babe  of 
humanity." 

It  is  not,  as  a  rule,  the  educated  man  or  woman  of  my  race 
who  is  guilty  of  crime  or  is  charged  with  crime. — It  is  the  one 
who  has  never  had  the  great  American  chance. — Booker  T. 
Washington. 

How  well  I  remember  our  first  impressions  as  from  the  coast 
on  into  the  interior  [of  Africa]  we  saw  the  heathen  women  in 
their  totally  ignorant,  superstitious  state,  with  blank,  inex- 
pressive faces,  grease-matted  hair,  their  only  garment  the  size 
of  the  two  hands,  paddling  a  canoe  or  bartering  garden  prod- 
ucts. Life  had  no  meaning  to  them ;  they  simply  sought  an 
existence.     ...     It  has  been  my  pleasure  since  my  return 

to  America  to  visit and ,  and  as  I  looked  into 

the  bright  young  faces  of  the  young  people  in  those  schools,  I 
saw  in  them  the  hope  of  the  Negro  in  Africa,  the  hope  of  the 
Negro  in  America.  .  .  .  The  young  men  and  women  who 
go  out  from  these  schools,  are  the  ones  to  carry  on  this  great 
work.  America  needs  them.  Africa  also  needs  them. — 
Mrs.  Lucy  G.  Sheppard,  missionary  of  the  A.  M,  A.  in  West 
Central  Africa. 

The  Negro  race,  the  Indian  race,  the  Chinese  and  the 
Japanese  and  all  these  multitudinous  brown-skinned  people 
whom  God  has  thrown  over  into  our  nation  and  who  mingle  in 
our  body  politic,  will  win  their  position  among  the  dominant 
races  of  the  world  through  the  men  among  their  splendid 
leadership  who  stand  at  the  top  and  not  at  the  bottom  of  the 
race.  The  skilled  and  trained  Negro  who  stands  before  the 
world  with  a  scalpel  means  as  much,  at  least,  to  his  race,  as  the 
Negro  who  stands  with  a  hoe  in  his  hand.  Both  are  necessary; 
each  is  essential ;  and  that  the  two  in  happy  accord  are  work- 


46  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

ing  together  in  the  solution  of  the  tremendous  problem  of  the 
elevation  of  a  great  race,  and  in  winning  for  it  due  and  honour- 
able recognition,  is  a  datum  of  hopefulness  that  should  cheer  the 
heart  of  every  sympathizer. — Rev.  Charles  J-  Ryder,  D.  D. 

"FROM  THE  SOUTHERN  WORKMAN" 

In  the  South 
Probably  no  one  will  deny  that  the  supreme  need  of  the 
Negro  in  the  South  to-day  is  trained  teachers — teachers  who 
know  what  to  teach,  how  to  teach,  and  why  they  teach  it ;  but 
more  than  this,  they  must  have  the  strength  and  capacity  to 
direct  the  moral  growth,  the  religious  activities,  and  the 
economic  welfare  of  their  communities.  Their  influence  must 
be  such  as  to  make  morality  the  most  common  reality,  religion 
the  personal  inspiration  that  shall  produce  effective  ideals,  and 
economy  and  industry  the  cornerstone  of  earthly  progress  and 
happiness.  Such  teachers  believe  in  their  tiiissiofi.  Through 
their  training,  their  character,  and  their  desire  to  serve,  con- 
stant and  rapid  progress  must  be  assursd. 

In  the  North 

If  the  Negro  in  the  South  fails  to  find  employment  as  a 
skilled  mechanic  it  is  largely  his  fault.  But  in  the  North  the 
field  is  preoccupied  by  the  native  white  and  the  foreign. 
They  guard  jealously  the  approaches  to  the  trades.  It  is  al- 
most an  impossible  task  for  the  Negro  boy  or  girl  here  to  find 
opportunity  to  learn  a  trade. 

There  is  an  alarming  influx  of  Negroes  into  New  York  City, 
many  of  whom  are  of  the  dregs  of  society;  there  is  a  constant 
stream  of  thoughtless,  indifferent  young  men  and  women  from 
the  South,  who  are  attracted  by  the  name  North,  without 
realizing  the  hopelessness  of  their  situation  here.  This  mass 
of  idle,  lazy,  worthless  Negroes,  who  live  by  criminal  practices, 
draws  down  upon  the  head  of  the  whole  race  the  execrations 
of  the  community. 

When  civil  and  educational  authorities  awake  to  the  fact  that 
it  is  money  well  spent  to  train  in  industrial  activities  these  thou- 


CHILDEEN  OF  THE  SUN  47 

sands  of  Negro  migrants ;  when  employers  and  labour  unions 
realize  that  opening  the  door  of  opportunity  is  at  least  partially 
closing  the  door  to  vice  and  crime,  we  may  expect  that  the  de- 
plorable condition  of  the  Negroes  will  begin  to  be  only  a  matter 
of  history.  "  The  idle  man's  head  is  the  devil's  workshop." 
Give  the  head  something  worth  thinking  about ;  give  the  hands 
something  worth  doing;  offer  to  the  man  something  worth  hop- 
ing for ;  then  expect  a  harvest  of  greater  industry  and  more 
wide-spread  decency. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  better  presentation  of  the  conditions  sur- 
rounding the  Negro  to-day  than  that  given  by  Rev.  Edgar 
Gardner  Murphy,  of  Alabama,  in  "The  Present  South." 
Recognizing  the  truth  that  "  the  time  has  now  come  when 
every  problem  of  every  section  of  the  country  is  to  be  con- 
ceived in  the  terms  of  the  nation's  life,"  Mr.  Murphy  says : 

"It  is  true  that  higher  education  brings  its  'perils.'  All 
education  possesses  its  perils.  They  are  apparent  among  any 
white  population  as  well  as  among  any  Negro  population. 
There  is  always  present  the  danger  of  superficiality,  the  danger 
of  self-glorification,  the  insistent  temptation  to  substitute  show 
for  reality  and  cleverness  for  work.  .  .  .  But  the  risk  of 
making  fools  is  of  smaller  importance  than  the  larger  chance 
of  making  men.  .  .  .  It  is  not  without  significance  that  no 
graduate  of  Hampton  or  Tuskeegee  has  ever  been  charged  with 
assault  upon  a  woman.     .     . 

"  Of  the  destructive  factors  in  Negro  life  the  white  commu- 
nity hears  to  the  utmost,  hears  through  the  press  and  the  police 
court ;  of  the  constructive  factors  of  Negro  progress — the 
school,  the  saner  Negro  church,  the  home — the  white  com- 
munity is  in  ignorance.  Until  it  does  know  this  aspect  of  the 
Negro  problem  it  may  know  more  or  less  accurately  many 
things  about  the  Negro ;  but  it  cannot  know  the  Negro." 

Nothing  could  be  more  searchingly  relentless  than  the 
slow,  silent,  pitiless  operation  of  the  social  and  economic  forces 
that  are  destroying  the  Negro,  body  and  soul,  in  the  Northern 
city.     .     .     .     Race    prejudice     .     .     .     first    forbids   to   the 


48  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

Negro  the  membership  of  the  labour  union,  and  then  forbids  to 
the  employer  the  services  of  non-union  labour.  "  We  have  had 
slavery  in  the  South,  now  dead,  that  forced  an  individual  to 
labour  without  a  salary,  but  none  that  compelled  a  man  to  live 
in  idleness  while  his  family  starved." — Booker  T.  Washington. 

SOME  OF  THE  HOMES 

It  is  a  dark,  damp  day,  but  the  kindergarten  teacher  has  so 
many  calls  to  make  that  she  cannot  stay  in.  Will  you  go  on  a 
little  trip  with  me  ?  We  leave  the  campus  and  pass  through 
cluster  after  cluster  of  little  cabins.  See  this  one  on  the  left ! 
An  old  lady  lives  there.  She  came  from  Alabama  three  years 
ago  to  nurse  a  sick  daughter.  When  the  daughter  died  the 
son-in-law  soon  tired  of  the  old  mother  and  went  away  and  left 
her.  Last  week  I  went  to  see  her  and  read  to  her  from  the 
Bible.  When  I  started  to  go,  she  said,  with  tears  in  her  eyes, 
"  Honey,  read  yer  old  mar  some  more.  I  ain't  never  seen  it 
read  like  dat." 

Two  houses  above,  live  an  old  man  and  his  wife.  He  has 
been  lying  on  a  cot  in  that  little  cabin  for  over  a  year.  They 
have  no  relatives  and  the  poor  old  wife  tries  hard  to  take  care 
of  him.  Come  in  with  me  a  moment.  He  likes  to  have  me 
sing  to  him,  "  On  the  Battle-field  of  Life  be  a  Hero." 

Do  you  see  those  little  black  children  ?  Look  at  their 
dresses,  nearly  worn  out.  I  think  they  have  never  been 
washed,  and  I  don't  believe  their  hair  has  ever  been  combed. 
Unless  some  one  tells  them,  these  children  will  not  even  know 
when  Christmas  comes,  to  say  nothing  of  Thanksgiving. 

Let  us  go  into  this  cabin.  Last  year  the  husband  and  father 
of  the  family  was  killed  by  lightning.  Soon  after  he  died  a 
new  baby  came,  and  then  there  were  seven  children,  just  stair 
steps  in  size.  The  poor  little  baby  died  because  the  brave  little 
mother  had  to  work  away  from  home  all  day,  and  there  were 
only  the  children  to  care  for  it.  The  mother  is  so  grateful  for 
any  help.  Last  winter  we  clothed  her  and  all  the  children  from 
the  missionary  barrels,  and  as  often  as  we  could  we  carried 


CHILDEEN  OF  THE  STJN  49 

them  food.  Now  she  has  been  ill  with  fever  two  months  and 
the  only  help  she  has  is  from  two  little  boys  eight  and  thirteen 
years  old,  who  are  employed  as  water  boys  on  a  Grade. 
There's  only  one  bed  in  the  house  and  but  one  quilt.  They 
cover  themselves  at  night  with  those  rags  you  see  in  the  corner. 
One  cup  without  a  handle,  and  two  plates,  compose  their  store 
of  crockery.  There's  no  glass  in  the  windows  and  the  holes 
are  stuffed  with  rags. 

We  must  run  across  the  street  and  call  on  three  little  boys, 
six,  eight  and  ten  years  of  age.  An  old  bed  with  nothing  but 
rags  on  it,  and  an  old  dry  goods  box  in  the  corner,  are  the  only 
furniture.  The  mother,  after  years  of  suffering,  died  here  last 
year.  The  father  works  very  hard  to  pay  rent,  get  food  and  a 
few  clothes.  Such  workmen  do  well  to  get  fifty  cents  a  day, 
out  of  which  they  must  board  themselves  and  their  families. 
That  pile  of  rags  in  the  corner  is  the  other  bed.  The  boys  are 
trying  to  cook  supper  for  their  father.  A  cake  of  cornbread  in 
the  bottom  of  an  old  black  kettle  and  those  pieces  of  fat  bacon 
will  furnish  the  meal. 

I  could  gather  fifty  of  just  this  class  of  children  right  on  these 
three  streets  for  our  kindergarten,  if  only  we  had  the  means  to 
care  for  them.  We  should  have  to  provide  clothes  for  many  of 
them,  and  of  course  bathe  them  and  teach  them  how  to  be  clean 
and  neat.  Oh,  how  much  they  need  this  kindergarten  work  I 
—From  a  teacher  in  a  mission  kindergarten. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS 
Describe    the    conditions    too   frequently   found  in   Negro 
homes. 

Tell  the  story  of  a  young  woman  trained  in  a  Mission  Home. 

Why  is  the  "  poverty  of  its  wants  "  a  menace  to  the  Negro 
race  ? 

Why  do  the  leaders  of  this  race  urge  their  people  to  acquire 
property  ? 

What  dangers  are  there  in  the  religious  tendencies  of  the 
race? 


50  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

Describe  the  special  difficulties  and  evils  that  Negroes  meet 
in  the  North. 

What  is  needed  to  fit  the  young  people  of  the  Negro  race  for 
citizenship  in  the  Republic  ? 

REFERENCES 

Twenty-five  Years  of  Tuskeegee.  Booker  T.  Washington. 
World's  Work,  April,  1906. 

What  the  Negro  Reads.  George  B.  Utley,  Librarian  of 
Public  Library,  Jacksonville,  Fla.     The  Critic,  July,  1906. 

A  City  Within  a  City.  G.  L.  Collin.  A  study  of  work  in  a 
Negro  parish  in  New  York  City.  The  Outlook,  September  29^ 
1906. 

Theology  Versus  Thrift  in  the  Black  Belt.  Charles  Bartlett 
Dyke.     Popular  Science  Monthly,  February,  1902. 

A  Southern  View  of  the  Negro.  Mrs.  L.  H.  Hammond. 
The  writer  of  this  interesting  and  valuable  article,  an  officer  of 
the  Woman's  Home  Mission  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  South,  is  also  the  author  of  "  The  Master  Word,"  a 
book  portraying  most  vividly  the  inner  life  and  experiences  of 
the  young  woman  for  whom,  with  mixed  white  and  Negro 
blood  in  her  veins,  there  is  "  neither  country  nor  birthright." 
The  Outlook,   March    14,  1903. 

PROGRAM  SUGGESTIONS 

Place  pictures  on  the  map. 
Topics  for  additional  study  : 

How  is  the  urgent  call  of  the  South  for  immigrant  labour 
likely  to  affect  the  Negro  ? 

Results  of  the  riot  of  1906  in  Atlanta  (see  The  American 
Magazine,  April,  1907). 

The  emotional  nature  of  the  Negro — its  advantages  and  dis- 
advantages. 


WITH  OLD  WORLD  WAYS 


"See  that  ye  despise  not  one  of  these  little  ones." 

Even  about  the  sags  of  childhood  hangs  a  halo. —  Victor 
Hugo. 

"What  a  motley  assembly  are  the  children  of  our  land, 
representing  every  great  nation  and  very  many  races,  all  forms 
of  religion  and  no  religion,  all  varieties  of  worldly  condition, 
from  wealth  to  poverty.  Yet  all  are  bound  sooner  or  later  to 
become  citizens  of  our  country,  and  the  boys,  at  least,  to  be- 
come voters.  Our  destiny  is  bound  up  in  the  same  bundle  of 
life  with  theirs,  and  our  future  as  a  nation  rests  with  these  boys 
and  girls." 


BIBLE  LESSON 
The  Law  of  the  Nation 

Blessed  is  the  nation  whose  God  is  the  Lord. — Ps.  33 :  la. 

Thine  enemies  .  .  .  have  said,  Come  and  let  us  cut  them 
off  from  being  a  nation. — Ps.  83 :  2,  4. 

(What  "  enemies "  of  the  Lord  seek  the  overthrow  of  a 
Christian  nation  ?) 

Thou  hast  multiplied  the  nation  and  not  increased  the  joy. — 
Isa.  9 :  3. 

(Under  what  circumstances  might  this  be  said  of  a  nation 
nominally  prosperous  ?) 

Behold,  thou  shalt  call  a  nation  that  thou  knowest  not,  and 
nations  that  knew  thee  not  shall  run  unto  thee  because  of  the 
Lord  thy  God,  and  for  the  Holy  One  of  Israel. — Isa.  55 :  5. 

(What  must  be  done  if  this  promise  concerning  immigration 
is  to  be  fulfilled  in  our  land  ?) 

Unto  you  therefore  which  believe  He  is  precious.  .  .  . 
Ye  are  a  chosen  generation,  a  royal  priesthood,  a  holy  nation. — 
I  Peter  2 :  7,  9. 

Thou  hast  redeemed  us  to  God  by  thy  blood  out  of  every 
kindred  and  tongue  and  people  and  nation. — Rev.  5 :  9. 

(What  duties  to  posterity  have  the  "  redeemed  of  the 
Lord  "  ?) 

What  shall  one  then  answer  the  messengers  of  the  nation  ? 
That  the  Lord  hath  founded  Zion,  and  the  poor  of  His  people 
shall  trust  in  it. — Isa.  14 :  32. 

(How  can  Christian  women  help  to  make  this  answer  a 
blessed  reality  ?) 


Ill 

WITH  OLD  WORLD  WAYS 

SPANISH-AMERICANS 

THE  patient  little  burro,  the  protecting 
sombrero,  the  patio  of  varied  degrees 
of  invitingness,  the  adobe  houses, 
brown  like  the  soil  and  seeming  to  be  but  ex- 
crescences on  its  surface,  ivy-grown  and  crumb- 
ling old  missions  with  towers  in  which  chiming 
bells  still  hang,  though  cracked  and  broken — 
words  and  phrases  like  these  come  to  mind  when 
attention  is  called  to  the  people  who  represent  in 
the  United  States  to-day  the  once  proud  and 
prosperous  Spanish  grandees — the  owners  of  the 
land  on  which  their  descendants  merely  exist. 

Old  Mexico  is  variously  classed  by  missionary 
societies  as  a  "  home  "  or  a  "  foreign  "  field,  ac- 
cording to  convenience  of  administration.  For 
our  purpose,  its  young  people  of  Spanish  descent 
may  be  grouped  with  those  of  New  Mexico,  for 
their  conditions  are  largely  the  same  and  their 
needs  identical. 

"  The  babies  of  Mexico — bless  their  dimples  ! — 
are  no  more  like  ours  than  their  grandfathers  are 
like  ours."  So  writes  a  traveller.  But  farther 
53 


54  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

reading  shows  that  it  is  chiefly  in  dress  that  they 
differ,  after  all.  The  children  of  the  better  class 
are  comfortably  clothed  and  cared  for.  "  The 
little  mothers  "  of  the  peons  sleep  under  counters 
or  shelves  in  the  markets,  or  on  cobble-stones  by 
the  side  of  earth  ovens.  The  chief  occupations 
of  the  boys  are  playing  marbles  and  cock-fight- 
ing. The  weekly  bath  may  be  taken  in  the 
street,  the  one  garment  of  the  child  being  washed 
and  hung  to  dry,  meanwhile,  on  the  pottery  that 
his  mother  has  arranged  for  sale. 

Many  of  these  Mexican  girls  are  mothers, 
though  not  always  wives,  before  they  are  sixteen. 
In  the  sharp  sunlight  and  withering  winds  their 
faces  grow  wizened  and  old  even  when  young. 
"  Her  skin,"  says  a  tourist  of  a  Mexican  woman, 
"  is  a  parchment  that  looks  as  if  it  might  date 
back  to  the  time  of  Moses."  Rarely  can  one 
read  or  write,  in  either  Spanish  or  English,  be- 
fore entering  a  mission  school. 

The  greatest  difficulty  in  reaching  the  Mexi- 
cans is  that  they  are  contented  with  their  lot. 
Unhke  the  immigrants  that  throng  our  ports  of 
entry,  they  have  no  desire  to  change  their  con- 
ditions of  living. 

It  is  market  day  in  a  Spanish- American  city. 
The  Indians  have  come  from  the  mountains,  with 
fire-wood,  fruit  and  vegetables,  or  baskets  and 
woodenware,  for  sale.  They  stand  by  gay  little 
booths  or  squat  on  the  ground  beside  their  goods, 


WITH  OLD  WOELD  WAYS  55 

and  the  market  place  resounds  with  the  chatter 
of  barter  and  friendship.  Senoritas  and  squaws, 
papooses  and  "  the  shy,  small,  brown  Spanish 
children,  basking,  lizard-like  in  the  sun,"  help  to 
swell  the  sound.  "  A  healthy,  happy  scene  "  ? 
Yes,  if  this  were  not  nearly  the  sum  of  all  that  they 
know  of  life,  or  life's  meanings.  "  A  pity  to  dis- 
turb their  repose "  ?  But  these  boys  will  be 
men,  these  girls  will  be  the  wives  and  mothers  of 
future  voters  of  the  Republic.  Lookedat  from  even 
the  lowest  standpoint,  does  not  that  alter  things  ? 
Around  them  are  houses  hid  behind  high  walls 
"  having  about  them  an  air  of  stealth  and  mys- 
tery." A  little  distance  off,  it  may  be,  lie  the 
ruins  of  an  Indian  village  that  was  there  "  a  round 
eight  centuries  before  ever  the  Spaniards  came 
worrying  into  the  land."  Beyond,  on  the  sunlit 
plains,  are  bare,  windowless  adobe  houses,  just 
such  as  their  ancestors  lived  in,  with  bunches  of 
red  peppers  hanging  on  the  outer  walls,  and  the 
picture  of  a  saint  or  two  forming  a  shrine  within. 
The  men — some  of  them — are  tilling  the  ungrate- 
ful soil  in  the  same  way  that  their  ancestors 
tilled  it,  and  the  women  and  half-grown  girls  are 
sitting  in  the  sun  and  smoking  cigarettes  for  ab- 
solute lack  of  anything  else  to  do.  And  these, 
too,  these  indolent,  dull,  unresponsive  boys  and 
girls,  these  are  soon  to  be  citizens  in  a  land 
where,  if  in  any  since  the  world  began,  intelligent 
citizenship  is  needed. 


56  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOREOW 

But  indolence  and  dullness  may  be  transformed. 
And  that  this  is  being  done  daily  and  hourly,  is 
evident  from  the  enthusiastic  reports  of  mission- 
ary workers.  "  Bright,  loving  and  attractive," 
writes  one  concerning  the  Spanish  pupils  in  her 
school,  "  these  girls  may  yet  become  a  power 
for  the  betterment  of  conditions  among  their 
people."  "  They  learn  English  readily  and  do 
good  w^ork  in  the  schoolroom.  They  all  love 
music  and  are  excellent  singers,"  says  another. 

One  young  girl  who  had  always  lived  in  a 
tent,  as  her  father  is  a  roving  wood-chopper,  ex- 
pressed her  delight  in  the  lovely  missionary  home 
in  a  novel  way.  Patting  her  dainty  white  bed, 
she  exclaimed,  "  My  good  bed  !  My  good  bed  !  " 
Before  coming  to  the  home  the  poor  child  had 
slept  in  her  day  clothing,  rolled  up  in  a  rug,  and 
had  lain  only  upon  the  ground  in  the  dirty  tent 
that  served  the  family  for  a  home. 

Making  a  round  of  calls  in  a  southern  Cali- 
fornia city  one  day,  a  visitor  was  surprised  to 
find  a  Mexican  home  whose  cleanliness  and 
order  were  in  marked  contrast  to  those  of  its 
neighbours.  Her  unspoken  question  was  quickly 
answered  as  the  bright  little  mistress  of  the  tiny 
house  exclaimed,  "  I  am  a  Harwood  Home  girl." 
The  Industrial  Home  of  which  she  had  been  a 
happy  member,  was  in  New  Mexico.  Thence 
she  had  brought  her  trained  head  and  hands,  and 
used  them  in  making  a  real  home  for  husband 


WITH  OLD  WOELD  WAYS  57 

and  children,  which  was,  at  the  same  time,  a 
blessed  object-lesson  to  those  around  her. 

With  the  question  of  statehood  for  New 
Mexico,  that  of  its  citizenship  is  inevitably 
linked.  Will  it  be  Mexican  or  American,  Roman 
Catholic  or  Protestant  ?  The  answer  rests  with 
the  Christian  church,  in  this  hour  of  its  oppor- 
tunity. 

POSSIBILITIES 

"  Sun,  silence  and  adobe — that  is  New  Mexico."  Thus 
speaks  the  historian,  but  while  New  Mexico  is  indeed  a  land 
of  sunshine  and  adobe,  it  is  no  longer  the  home  of  silence. 
New  life  came  in  with  the  locomotive,  bringing  business 
and  a  degree  of  prosperity,  and  the  long  sleep  of  centuries  is 
over. 

But  the  breaking  of  this  prolonged  silence  has  had  but  little 
effect  to  break  down  the  spell  of  superstition,  ignorance  and 
poverty  that  holds  the  people.  The  natives  are  naturally 
kindly  and  hospitable,  but  the  old  ways  are  still  the  best  ways 
to  them.  And  yet  all  that  is  necessary  to  bring  New  Mexico 
up  to  the  true  standard  of  a  Christian  people  is  Christ  in 
the  home  and  Christ  honoured  in  the  schools. —  Woman's  Home 
Missions. 

"  Four  of  our  girls,"  writes  the  house-mother  of  a  Mexican 
Mission  Home,  "  have  served  as  missionaries  and  several  have 
married  native  preachers.  Many  have  returned  to  their  homes 
to  become  a  blessing  in  the  community  because  of  their  Chris- 
tian lives  and  home-making  ability.  It  is  often  the  case  that 
the  girl  who  has  been  in  our  Home  is  the  only  one  who  can 
play  or  lead  in  the  singing  in  the  native  church,  and  the  only 
one,  aside  from  the  pastor,  who  can  pray,  lead  the  prayer-meet- 
ing, or  teach  a  Sunday-school  class." 


58  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

"  Before  this  fair  portion  of  our  land  became  a  part  of  the 
United  States,  the  Spanish-speaking  people  whom  we  now 
seek  to  reach  and  bless  were  owners  of  this  fair  domain. 
They  have  been  oppressed  and,  through  their  ignorance, 
greatly  defrauded.  It  is  our  desire  to  extend  a  hand  of  sym- 
pathy and  help  to  their  daughters  and  sons,  that  the  coming 
generations  may  take  their  place  as  true  American  citizens  in 
our  land." 

A  mission  superintendent  writes,  "  I  was  entertained  at  the 
home  of  the  preacher.  His  wife  was  trained  in  one  of  the 
schools  of  the  Woman's  Society.  She  is  a  model  housekeeper. 
He  is  from  our  boys'  school  and  they  are  a  happy  couple. 

•'  In    C ,  Arizona,  I    was    entertained  at   the  home  of  a 

layman  who  is  from  our  boys'  school  and  his  wife  from  the 
girls'  school.  Here,  too,  I  found  a  well-ordered  and  beautiful 
home." 

"  Probably  every  girl  in  our  school  will  marry  and  become 
a  home-maker.  The  Mexican  men  far  outnumber  the  women 
and  so  we  look  forward  to  many  well-ordered  homes  as  the 
result  of  the  training  that  the  girls  receive  in  our  Industrial 
Home.  Who  can  tell  how  much  this  will  mean  to  the  develop- 
ment of  our  country,  since  the  home  lies  at  the  foundation  of 
all  clean,  true,  national  life  ?  Not  only  are  they  taught  the 
gentle  art  of  home-making,  but  Christian  principles  are  instilled 
into  their  minds,  and  they  go  out  from  the  safe  shelter  of  the 
Home,  almost  without  exception,  sincere,  earnest,  Christian 
girls,  prepared  to  do  a  noble  lifework." 

IN  SOUTHERN  SEAS 

Porto  Ricans 

"  A  word  frequently  heard  on  the  island  of 
Porto  Rico  is  '  Manana^  '  to-morrow.'  If  any- 
thing is  to  be  done,  '  to-day  '  is  much  too  soon 
— there  will  be  plenty  of  time  '  to-morrow.'     This 


WITH  OLD  WOELD  WAYS  59 

is  the  spirit  of  the  old  regime,  cheerfully  irre- 
sponsible and  unenterprising,  and  mightily  ag- 
gravating to  the  Anglo-Saxon. 

"  But  the  old  regime  is  fast  passing  away. 
The  Anglo-Saxon  has  come,  and  has  come  to 
stay.  For  the  first  time  in  four  hundred  years 
Porto  Rico  is  conscious  of  having  a  future.  Men 
are  hopeful,  expectant,  ambitious,  anxious  for 
'  to-morrow.'  " 

So  writes  a  missionary  secretary,  and  there  are 
no  keener  or  clearer  interpreters  of  the  signs  of 
the  times  than  trained  missionary  workers.  In 
spite  of  political  quibbles,  the  citizenship  of 
Porto  Rico  is  our  citizenship,  and  we,  as  Ameri- 
cans, have  intimate  concern  with  its  "  to-mor- 
row." 

Native  indolence  must  be  replaced  by  a  love 
for  work  for  work's  sake  ;  evasion  and  falsehood 
must  give  way  to  truth  and  honesty  ;  superstition 
must  yield  to  the  teachings  of  the  Christ.  And 
the  public  schools,  important  and  necessary  as 
they  are,  cannot  do  all  this,  regardless  of  the  fact 
that  they  are  still  too  few  to  reach  anything  like 
the  entire  number  of  children  of  school  age  in  the 
island. 

The  stories  privately  told  by  returning  mission- 
aries of  the  condition  and  habits  of  the  children 
who  come  under  their  charge,  cannot  be  repeated 
in  print.  If  they  were,  mothers  from  happier 
homes    would   gather   their  little  ones  closer  to 


60  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

their  hearts  and  thank  God  as  never  before  for 
Christian  home  training.  The  care  of  these  who 
have  had  no  care,  is  not  altogether  pleasant,  but  it 
is  done  •'  for  God  and  country,"  and  they  who  do 
it  are  our  substitutes  "  on  the  firing  line."  What 
is  the  duty  of  those  who  are  privileged  to  "  bide 
by  the  stuff"  ? 

As  for  results,  again  we  must  turn  to  missionary 
testimony : 

The  girls  come  to  us  coarse,  rude,  untidy,  and  hopeless- 
looking.  Very  soon  they  begin  to  change,  and  their  faces  ex- 
press the  new  hope  that  comes  from  high  ideals. 

While  we  were  away  during  vacation  the  priest  denounced 
our  school.  He  told  the  people  that  their  children  were  being 
taught  the  way  to  perdition.  What  was  our  joy  on  returning 
to  find  every  girl  in  her  place,  so  happy  to  get  back  and  wishing 
there  were  no  vacations.  All  were  angry  over  the  way  the 
priest  had  talked  and  were  anxious  in  every  way  to  show  their 
devotion. 

The  children  take  special  delight  in  carrying  their  Bibles 
home  with  them  at  night.  Often  the  priest  meets  and  scolds 
them,  and  in  a  few  cases  he  has  taken  the  Bible  away  from 
a  child.  But  our  boys  and  girls  have  learned  that  this  is  now 
a  land  of  religious  liberty,  and  they  even  dare  to  oppose  the 
priest. 

In  country  shacks  and  city  patios,  the  absence 
of  all  knowledge  of  home-making  is  equally 
evident.  And  there  are  thousands  of  little  ones 
who  have  not  even  these  poor  apologies  for 
homes — orphaned  waifs,  picking  up  food  and 
shelter  as  best  they  may.     Sometimes  they  be- 


WITH  OLD  WOELD  WAYS  61 

come  servants  in  families  of  the  well-to-do,  but 
this  is  often  a  pitiable  lot,  for  they  are  treated 
like  slaves.  Their  food  is  a  pan  or  cocoanut 
shell  of  rice  or  beans,  which  they  sit  upon  the 
kitchen  floor  to  eat.  If  wanted  by  the  mistress 
to  wait  on  her  or  the  children  during  the 
night,  a  poor  little  pallet  is  spread  on  the  floor 
near  the  bed ;  if  not  desired  for  this,  pallet  and 
child  are  bestowed  in  any  out-of-the-way  place. 
The  girls  are  not  even  expected  to  grow  up  into 
good  women. 

What  has  been  said  of  the  girls  is  quite  suffi- 
cient to  indicate  what  boys  must  be  under  such 
conditions.  Pictures  like  these  press  home  upon 
us  the  question,  "  What  type  of  manhood  and 
womanhood  will  be  found  in  the  next  generation 
of  Porto  Rican  citizens  ?  " 

DWELLING  PLACES,  NOT  HOMES 

The  future  of  Porto  Rico  depends  upon  its  country  people. 
More  than  three-quarters  of  the  population  are  country-bred, 
and  most  of  these  live  in  remote  places,  far  from  any  roads. 
All  over  the  mountains  are  scattered  the  "  shacks  "  of  the  poor 
inhabitants,  sometimes  singly,  but  more  frequently  in  little 
groups,  where,  apart  from  the  world,  they  live  and  herd  and 
breed  without  the  rites  of  marriage  or  the  sanctities  of  home. — 
Sec.  James  W.  Cooper,  of  Atnerican  Missionary  Association. 

What  of  the  poor,  degraded  shack  women,  who  far  out- 
number their  more  fortunate  sisters  ?  We  cannot  imagine  a 
sadder,  more  hopeless  lot  than  theirs.  They  live  crowded  into 
little  one-roomed  shacks,  which  often  have  no  floor  but  the 
earth,  and  no  furniture  save  perhaps  a  hammock  and  a  heap  of 


62  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

old  rags  for  sleeping.  Except  in  harvest-time,  when  work  is 
plenty,  many  a  family  has  but  one  meal  a  day,  and  often  the 
woman  has  to  earn  that.  In  nearly  every  household  there  is  a 
feeble  old  mother,  or  grandmother,  and  there  is  scarcely  a  day 
tliat  some  one  is  not  sick — and  there  is  no  money  for  doctors  or 
medicine.  And  so  the  long  days  and  years  stretch  themselves 
on  to  the  end  of  life,  with  no  brightness,  no  hope. 

Oh,  friends,  suppose  you  lived  there!  Mothers,  suppose 
your  daughter  was  growing  up  to  such  a  life  as  this  !  You 
would  give  your  all  to  save  her  from  it.  Let  us,  then,  do  what 
we  can  for  these  other  girls.  Let  us  give  them  a  chance. — 
Jenitie  L.  Blowers. 

An  inner  court,  perhaps  forty  or  fifty  feet  long  and  fifteen  oi 
twenty  feet  wide  ;  several  lines  filled  with  clothes  that  have 
been  hung  up  to  dry  and,  incidentally,  to  limit  the  light  and  air 
of  the  enclosed  yard ;  a  number  of  dirty,  naked  babies  of  all  ages 
up  to  six  or  seven  years ;  lazy  men  sitting  against  the  side  of 
the  house,  asleep  or  talking  to  their  neighbours  ;  women  with  but 
a  single  garment  on,  and  that  far  from  clean,  either  washing,  or 
cooking,  or  sitting  on  the  ground  and,  like  the  men,  gossiping 
and  smoking  cigar  stumps  they  have  picked  up  in  the  streets ; 
boys  and  girls  running  errands,  quarrelling  among  themselves 
and  following  quickly  in  the  footsteps  of  their  parents  in  help- 
ing to  increase  the  population  of  the  Island ;  the  garlic  and 
onions  of  the  cooks,  the  tobacco  fumes  of  the  smokers,  the  fetid 
atmosphere  from  the  filth  strewed  about  on  the  ground  and  the 
exhaustion  of  the  oxygen, — these  are  merely  suggestions  of  the 
unsanitary  conditions  of  the  homes,  of  the  squalor,  filth,  and  ab- 
ject poverty  of  thousands  who  live  in  the  "  patios  "  of  the  city. 
— From  "  Down  in  Porto  Rico." 

(There  are,  of  course,  homes  in  Porto  Rico  widely  different 
from  those  described.  But  they  are  still  in  a  very  small  mi- 
nority.) 

"  SIGNS  OF  PROMISE  " 
In  the  school  I  have  found  the  key  to  the  problem  that  con- 


A   Couutry  Home    (  ?)    in  Porto  Rico 


A  New  Mexican  adobe  home  of  the  better  class.     Strings  of  red 
peppers  are  hanging  on  the  front  for  drying 

HOMES   IX  rORTO   RICO   AND  NEW   MEXICO 


WITH  OLD  WOELD  WAYS  63 

fronted  nie  like  a  nightmare  when  I  had  been  in  Porto  Rico  but 
a  few  months— the  barrier  of  language.  I  said  to  myself  over 
and  over  again,  "  How  can  I  ever  help  these  people  ?  How 
can  I  overcome  the  difficulties  of  language  sufficiently  to  pro- 
claim to  them,  in  their  own  tongue,  the  wonderful  things  of 
God?" 

Among  the  children  I  have  found  the  key.  It  is  the  desire 
of  the  people,  young  and  old,  to  learn  English.  We  bring  our 
school  children  to  the  church  every  Sunday  afternoon ;  we  have 
a  service  in  Spanish,  then  we  teach  the  Lord's  Prayer,  the 
Creed,  the  Beatitudes,  the  Commandments  and  the  hymns  in 
English.  The  grown  people  come,  too— they  all  want  a  lesson 
in  English.  And  in  getting  it  we  take  care  that  they  get  the 
gospel  also. — Bishop  Van  Buren  of  Porto  Rico, 

A  superintendent  of  schools  in  Porto  Rico  reports  seeing  chil- 
dren who  had  walked  three-quarters  of  a  mile  or  more,  and 
been  regular  in  school  attendance,  but  who  were  so  weak  for 
lack  of  food  as  to  be  scarcely  able  to  stand  in  their  classes. 
Teachers  assert  that  the  Porto  Rican  child  is  bright  and  intelli- 
gent, quick  to  understand  and  with  great  facility  in  memoriz- 
ing. His  imagination  is  surprisingly  active,  and  he  is  naturally 
artistic.  On  the  other  hand,  he  lacks  energy,  both  mental  and 
physical.  It  could  hardly  be  otherwise,  in  view  of  the  unhy- 
gienic conditions,  and  the  absence  of  proper  food  and  clothing 
under  which  not  only  the  child  but  his  ancestors  for  several 
generations,  have  existed. 

Cubans  and  Filipinos 

Like  Mexico,  Cuba  and  the  Philippine  Islands 
are  sometimes  classed  with  home  missionary- 
work,  and  sometimes  with  foreign.  They  have 
been  under  the  rule  of  Spain  and  of  Roman 
Catholicism,  and  their  resultant  condition  resem- 
bles that  of  Porto  Rico.     In  the  Philippines,  the 


64  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

problem  is  complicated  by  the  addition  of  savage 
peoples  and  the  Mohammedan  religion. 

It  was  inevitable  that  Cuba's  struggle  for  in- 
dependence should  leave  hundreds  of  orphan 
children  and  widowed  mothers,  and  not  the  least 
of  the  questions  that  Cuba  Libre  faces  to-day  is 
that  of  her  citizenship  of  to-morrow. 

"  Are  you  going  to  have  a  lottery  in  your 
church  to-day  ? "  asked  a  little  Cuban  lad  of  a 
missionary  one  Sunday  morning. 

"  Why,  what  do  you  mean  ?  "  said  the  mission- 
ary. 

"  Are  you  going  to  have  a  raffle  there  ?  "  an- 
swered the  boy,  and  then  the  missionary  remem- 
bered that  it  was  the  custom  in  Catholic  schools 
to  raffle  off  a  dollar  or  so,  or  perhaps  a  pair  of 
shoes,  on  Sunday,  and  thus  draw  the  children  in. 

*'  The  white  man's  heaviest  burden  in  the 
Philippines  is  the  care  of  the  child."  The  chil- 
dren throng  nipa  huts  and  city  tenements.  As 
little  scullions,  they  are  bound  out  at  four  or  five 
years  of  age  by  their  parents,  living  on  left-over 
scraps,  sleeping  on  mats  on  the  floor.  They  all 
smoke,  girls  as  well  as  boys.  They  swim,  ride 
the  caraboa,  catch  locusts  for  food — a  special 
treat  after  their  wings  have  been  stripped  off  and 
the  insects  fried  in  cocoanut  oil — and  match 
cocks  against  each  other  for  the  time-honoured 
national  sport.     And  yet  there  is  never  a  street 


WITH  OLD  WOELD  WAYS  65 

gamin    among   them — at   least,   travellers   credit 
them  with  being  the  politest  little  fellows  alive. 

And  they,  like  the  children  of  Porto  Rico,  will 
one  day  be  American  citizens. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS 
Spanish- Americans 
Give    illustrations   of  the    conditions    surrounding   Mexican 
children. 

Describe  a  market  day  in  a  Spanish-American  city. 
Why  should  there  be  mission  work  for  Spanish  children  ? 
Describe  the  results  of  such  mission  work. 

Porto  Ricans 

Under  what  conditions  are  Porto  Rican  children  growing  up  ? 

What  are  the  results  of  mission  work  among  them  ? 

(a)  Describe  the  average  Porto  Rican  home  in  the  country. 
(3)     In  the  city. 

Cubans  and  Filipinos 
Describe  the  children  and  young  people. 

What  special  training  is  needed  to  fit  the  young  people  with 
"  old  world  ways  "  for  American  citizenship  ? 

REFERENCES 
A    Little    Mexican  Town.     Thomas  A.  Janvier.      Harper's 
Monthly,  Sept.,  1906. 

Our  Experience  in  Porto  Rico.  Eugene  P.  Lyle,  Jr.  Finely 
illustrated.  Note  especially  the  picture  of  a  typical  courtyard 
in  San  Juan,  used  by  a  number  of  families.  World's  Work, 
Jan.,  1906. 

A  Woman's  Impression  of  the  Philippines.  Mabel  T.  Board- 
man,  a  member  of  the  "  Taft  party."  The  Outlook,  February 
24,  1906. 


66  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

Child  Life  in  the  Philippines.     Minna  Irving.    New  England 
Magazine,  October,  1904. 

PROGRAM  SUGGESTIONS 
Place  pictures  on  the  map. 

Consult  "  Down  in  Porto  Rico  "  for  additional  information. 
Show  by  maps  the  work  of  your  denomination  in  the  Islands 
of  Cuba,  Porto  Rico  and  the  Philippines. 


CHILDREN  OF  TOIL 


"  To  be  a  man  too  soon  is  to  be  a  small  man." 

It  is  a  shame  for  a  nation  to  make  its  young  girls  weary. — 
jfoAn  Ruskin. 

Even  the  Christian  world  has  been  slow  to  recognize  the 
claim  of  Christ  to  be  the  Emancipator  of  the  child  as  well  as  of 
the  slave  and  of  woman. — Henry  Churchill  King. 

The  child  must  develop  physically,  and  to  do  so  it  must  play ; 
the  child  must  develop  mentally,  and  to  do  so  it  must  be  sent  to 
school ;  the  child  must  develop  morally,  and  to  do  so  it  must  be 
kept  within  the  guarded  precincts  of  the  home. — Felix  Adler, 


BIBLE  LESSON 

The  Lata  of  Labour 

Thou  shall  not  defraud  tliy  neighbour,  neither  rob  him. — 
Lev.  19 :  13. 

(Of  what  is  childhood  robbed  in  mills,  mines,  sweat-shops, 
etc.?) 

Woe  unto  him  that  buildeth  his  house  by  unrighteousness  and 
his  chambers  by  wrong;  that  uscth  his  neighbour's  service 
without  wages  and  giveth  him  not  for  his  work. — Jer.  22  :  13. 

(Is  "  cheap  "  labour  righteous  labour  ?  ) 

Woe  unto  them  that  devise  iniquity  and  work  evil  upon  their 
beds — they  oppress  a  man  and  his  house,  even  a  man  and  his 
heritage. — Mic.  2:  i,  2. 

(What  are  the  consequences  to  the  future  of  "  oppressing  a 
man  and  his  house  "  by  child-labour  ?) 

That  pant  after  the  dust  of  the  earth  on  the  head  of  the 
poor. — Amos  2:7. 

(Could  there  be  stronger  characterization  of  greed  for  gain  ? ) 

Six  days  shalt  thou  labour  and  do  all  thy  work :  but  the 
seventh  day  is  the  Sabbath  of  the  Lord  thy  God :  in  it  thou 
shalt  not  do  any  work. — Ex.  20 :  9,  10. 

The  rest  of  the  holy  Sabbath  unto  the  Lord. — Ex.  16:  23. 

It  shall  be  unto  you  a  Sabbath  of  rest. — Lev.  23  ;  32. 

(Is  the  law  of  the  Sabbath  violated  by  child-labour  if  work 
is  carried  on  but  six  days  in  the  week  ?) 


IV 

CHILDREN  OF  TOIL 

SO  wide-spread  is  the  agitation  against  child- 
labour,  with  its  inevitable  arousal  of  the 
American  conscience,  and  so  admirable  is 
the  work  of  the  National  Child-Labour  Com- 
mittee, that  the  crusade  against  this  evil  makes 
steady  progress,  and  it  would  be  worse  than  use- 
less to  attempt  to  give  definite  statistics  in  a 
book  of  this  kind.  Bills  relating  to  the  subject 
are  daily  presented,  or  enacted  into  laws,  in  state 
legislatures,  and  the  curse  of  to-day  may  be 
partly  removed  on  the  immediate  to-morrow. 
But  reforms  progress  slowly,  at  the  best,  and  the 
sins  of  the  business  world  against  helpless  child- 
hood are  many  and  persistent. 

To  tell  the  story  of  the  children  of  toil,  though 
ever  so  briefly,  is  not  a  task  to  be  coveted.  One 
would  far  rather  write  of  the  many  influences  for 
uplift  and  help  that,  to  borrow  the  language  of 
the  stock  market,  "  deal  in  futures,"  and  are 
making  men  and  women.  But  to  apply  the 
remedies,  the  conditions  must  be  known. 

The  sparsely  settled  portion  of  the  Highlands 
of  the  South  is  a  rugged  section,  almost  destitute 
69 


70  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

of  roads,  of  schools,  of  churches,  of  many  things 
that  civilization  considers  necessities.  The  tour- 
ist crossing  the  mountain  ridge  that  makes  the 
backbone  of  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent, 
sees  tiny,  one-roomed  log  cabins  everywhere — 
around  the  poor  little  railroad  stations,  making 
furtive  attempts  to  constitute  of  themselves  a 
village — back  in  the  valleys  between  the  moun- 
tains, half  hidden  from  sight  by  the  deep  gullies 
worn  by  the  mountain  rains — perched  on  some 
crag  almost  above  sight  from  the  car  window. 
And  always  around  their  doors  is  a  throng  of 
children.  There  may  be  eight,  ten,  or  a  dozen 
or  more,  claiming  a  single  cabin  as  their  home — 
bright  boys  and  girls,  heirs  of  the  purest  Amer- 
ican ancestry  on  this  continent,  and  yet  shut  away 
from  privileges  and  opportunities,  condemned  to 
secure  by  the  hardest  a  scanty  living  from  the 
soil  and  by  hunting  and  fishing,  as  their  fathers 
and  grandfathers  have  done,  to  card  and  spin  and 
weave,  to  work  in  the  field  or  by  the  rude  fire- 
place like  their  mothers  and  grandmothers — to 
grow  up,  in  the  expressive  phrase  of  President 
Frost,  of  Berea  College,  like  their  "  belated  an- 
cestors." 

A  young  mountaineer  of  twenty-three  years 
of  age,  was  studying  history  in  a  mission  school. 
His  face  showed  his  delight  at  the  new  knowl- 
edge that  came  to  him  with  the  explanation  of 
the  different  branches  of  our  government.     At 


CHILDREN  OF  TOIL  71 

the  close  of  the  lesson,  he  exclaimed,  "  I'm  proud 
to  know  what  a  senator  and  a  representative  are. 
I  never  did  know  before." 

"  Aren't  you  a  voter  ?  "  asked  his  teacher. 

"  Oh,  yes,"  he  replied,  "  I've  voted  for  three 
years,  and  I  knew  about  the  President,  but  I 
never  did  know  about  the  others  before."  And 
yet  the  vote  of  this  ignorant  young  fellow  in  the 
Tennessee  mountains  counted  for  just  as  much  at 
the  ballot  box  as  the  vote  of  the  governor  of  that 
splendid  commonwealth  !  It  helped  to  elect  the 
men  who  chose,  in  turn,  the  representatives  of 
Tennessee  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States. 
It  counted  one — no  more  a7id  710  less  than  the 
vote  of  your  son — in  electing  the  President  of 
these  United  States.  "  When  you  know  that 
there  are  several  thousands  of  young  people 
born  of  native  white  parents  in  the  state  of 
Tennessee  alone,  who-  can  neither  read  nor  write, 
does  it  not  mean  something  to  you  ?  When 
they  pass  by  you  in  a  procession  seventy-five 
miles  long,  marching  into  ignorance  and  crime 
and  poverty,  yet  with  every  man  in  the  procession 
headed  for  the  ballot  box, — does  it  not  mean 
something  to  you  ?  " 

What  is  true  of  Tennessee  is  true,  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent,  of  all  the  states  lying  along  the 
Appalachian  chain.  But  although  the  conditions 
surrounding  these  young  people  of  the  Southern 
mountains,   are  difficult  and  perilous  to   them- 


72  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

selves  and  to  the  country  at  large,  there  is  some- 
thing still  worse,  an  insistent,  crowding  evil 
against  which  the  Southland  is  almost  powerless. 

THE  SOUTHERN  COTTON  MILLS 
Northern  machinery,  largely  owned  by  North- 
ern capital,  has  been  moved  to  the  South  so  as  to 
be  near  the  cotton  field,  water-power,  and  baby 
fingers.  Young  negroes,  neglected  and  ignorant 
though  they  may  be,  are  yet  suffered  to  breathe 
God's  free  air.  Young  white  children,  moun- 
taineers, "  poor  whites,"  "  Georgia  crackers,"  or 
whatever  be  their  class,  are  in  bondage  to  the 
spirit  of  greed  and  gain  that  knows  not,  or  heeds 
not,  that  the  foundations  of  the  structure  it  is  rear- 
ing are  laid  in  human  lives,  and  the  mortar  is 
mixed  with  blood.  The  mills  are  "  centred  in 
the  four  cotton-producing  states  of  the  South, 
Alabama,  Georgia,  and  the  two  Carolinas.  It  is 
estimated  that  within  sixty  miles  of  Charlotte, 
North  Carolina,  there  is  enough  water  power  to 
drive  two-thirds  of  the  spindles  of  England.  In 
Alabama  it  is  possible  from  a  cotton  factory  to 
fire  a  rifle  bullet  into  a  coal  mine  and  to  throw  a 
stone  into  a  cotton-field.  The  companies  that 
own  mills  in  both  New  England  and  the  South 
find  their  dividends  twice  or  thrice  as  great  from 
their  Southern  mills." 

A  Commissioner  of  Labour  in  North  Carolina 
asserts  that  there  are  eight  thousand  children  in 


CHILDEEN  OF  TOIL  73 

the  cotton  mills  of  that  state  earning  an  average 
of  twenty-five  cents  a  day  !  From  one  little  vil- 
lage in  the  mountains  of  East  Tennessee,  fifteen 
hundred  people — men,  women  and  children — 
emigrated  in  1905  to  a  mill  town.  Their  ances- 
tors fought  the  British,  and  won  deserved  credit 
for  valour  on  both  sides  during  the  Civil  War. 
But  to  these,  their  descendants,  after  a  few  years 
of  mill  life,  the  nation  "  would  turn  in  vain  in  the 
hour  of  her  need."  Their  record  could  not  fail 
to  be  that  of  the  Manchester  operatives  in  the 
British  army  during  the  South-African  war ; 
"  Fever,"  says  the  historian,  "  swept  them  off  like 
flies.     They  were  only  shells  of  men." 

"  But  how  comes  it,"  questions  some  one, 
"  that  these  people  go  into  the  mills,  or  permit 
their  children  to  do  so  ?  "  It  would  be  a  greater 
wonder  if  they  did  not.  Into  the  mountain  ham- 
let comes  the  agent  of  the  mills,  representing  the 
factory  village  to  be  a  paradise.  There  are  homes 
— "  framed  houses  " — waiting  for  them  ;  there 
are  schools — by  day  and  by  night ;  there  are 
reading-rooms  and  libraries  established  by  the 
generosity  of  the  mill-owners  ;  there  is  the 
chance  for  a  different  life,  and  back  into  that 
mountain  hamlet  there  have  already  come  whis- 
perings that  have  stirred  the  latent  ambition 
of  the  mountain  boy  and  girl  to  do  something  and 
see  something.  And,  most  wonderful  of  all, 
and  by  far  the  strongest  argument,   the  whole 


74  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

family  can  work  in  the  mill,  earning  what  seems 
a  fortune — as  much,  perhaps,  as  three  dollars  and 
a  half  a  day  !  Nothing  is  said,  of  course,  of  the 
increased  expenses  of  "  town  life,"  of  the  confin- 
ing, death-tempting  tasks.  These  are  left  to  be 
learned  by  experience,  when  it  is  too  late  to 
change. 

But  the  stories  are,  to  some  extent,  true.  The 
houses  of  the  village  are  often  better  than  those 
from  which  their  occupants  have  come,  although 
the  unsanitary  condition  of  their  surroundings  is 
a  pitiful  commentary  on  civilization. 

Not  all  of  the  "  hands  "  are  from  the  moun- 
tains. The  shiftless  farmer  of  the  lowlands 
plants  cotton  because  his  father  did,  and  because 
it  is  the  one  crop  on  which  he  can  "  borry  " 
money  before  the  seed  is  in  the  ground.  In  fact, 
his  financial  transactions  are  those  of  Wall  Street 
under  somewhat  primitive  conditions. 

Possibly,  after  his  pre-planting  mortgage  is 
discharged,  he  has  one  hundred  dollars  a  year 
from  his  cotton.  What  is  that  compared  with 
the  fifty  to  eighty  dollars  per  month  that  himself 
and  family  can  earn  in  the  mill,  and  at  easier  work, 
too — or  so  he  is  led  to  think  ?  But,  oh,  the  pity 
of  it !  He  soon  finds  that  the  fingers  and  feet  of 
his  children  are  more  nimble  than  his.  The  next 
step  is  to  drop  out  and  live  in  idleness,  supported 
by  them.  This  suits  the  factory  management, 
for  children  are  cheap  !     The  result  is  that  most 


CHILDEEN  OF  TOIL  75 

pitiful   type   of  manhood,  a  self-made   pauper, 
satisfied  and  even  pleased  with  his  failure. 

And  the  mothers — ah,  woman's  life,  even  if 
not  in  the  mill  herself,  is  not  easy  in  a  factory 
town.  Here  is  its  picture,  as  given  by  a  North 
Carolina  clergyman : 

The  mother  has  to  get  up  at  four-thirty  in  the  morning  to 
get  breakfast  for  the  day  hands,  so  they  can  get  to  the  mill  at 
six.  Then  the  night  hands  come,  and  eat  about  seven.  She 
has  to  have  dinner  for  the  day  hands  strictly  at  twelve.  The 
night  hands  get  up  and  eat  from  four  to  five  so  as  to  be  ready 
to  go  to  work  for  the  night  at  six.  She  also  gets  them  a  lunch 
to  eat  at  midnight.  Then  the  day  hands  get  out  at  six  and 
have  supper  about  seven.  .  .  .  The  mills  usually  run  sixty- 
six  hours  per  week  at  night — that  is,  the  operatives  work  twelve 
hours  from  Monday  night  to  Friday  night  inclusive,  and  on 
Saturday  get  up  about  two  o'clock,  before  they  have  had  enough 
sleep,  to  get  to  work  at  three.  They  then  work  till  nine  at 
night.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  it  is  usually  ten  or  eleven  when 
they  get  out. 

WHAT  OF  THE  CHILDREN  ? 

Says  Dean  Robbins,  of  the  Institute  of  Social 
Economics,  "  I  have  seen  scores  of  little  children 
on  the  way  to  the  mills  before  daylight  who 
would  not  come  out  till  after  dark."  The  clergy- 
man quoted  above  adds,  "  Night  work  is  much 
worse  in  summer  than  in  winter.  In  winter  they 
get  to  bed,  cover  up  and  sleep  soundly.  In  sum- 
mer it  is  difficult  to  sleep  on  account  of  the  light, 
heat,  flies,  and  noise.  It  is  a  familiar  sight  to  see 
the  children  lying  across  the  bed  with  their  work 


76  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

clothes  on,  or  on  a  pallet  in  the  passage,  or  on 
the  porch.  Their  sleep  is  fitful  and  unsatisfying, 
and  they  never  feel  bright  and  fresh  from  the  be- 
ginning to  the  end  of  the  week.  They  furnish 
the  most  favourable  conditions  for  the  develop- 
ment of  physical,  intellectual,  and  spiritual  dis- 
ease germs." 

There  are  laws  regulating  child-labour  in  most 
states  of  the  Union.  Their  enforcement  is  an- 
other question,  and  they  are  of  little  value  unless 
accompanied  by  compulsory  education  laws.  A 
child  of  five  is  credited  as  having  worked  in 
a  cotton-mill  !  Perhaps  she  was  there  as  a 
"  mother's  helper."  Heaven  pity  the  land  in 
which  such  subterfuge  is  possible !  A  seven- 
year-old  child  is  officially  reported  as  having 
worked  forty  nights  in  an  Alabama  mill!  A 
six-year-old  child  worked  on  the  night  shift  for 
eleven  months,  getting  through  at  two  o'clock  in 
the  morning !  Think  of  a  little  girl  running 
barefoot  through  the  long  night  hours  carrying 
spools  in  a  room  where  the  water  stood  half  an 
inch  deep  on  the  floor  !  Realize  what  it  means 
for  a  young  girl  to  remove  her  waist  and  skirt  in 
a  room  common  to  all  the  operatives,  to  go  to 
her  work  half-dressed,  to  sit  on  the  floor  to  eat 
her  lunch,  to  be  surrounded  with  obscenity  and 
profanity ! 

Of  what  good  is  a  night  school  to  children 
who  have  spent  twelve  hours  "  penned  in  little 


CHILDEEN  OF  TOIL  77 

narrow  lanes,  where  they  work  and  rush  and  tie 
among  acres  and  acres  of  looms,  always  the 
snow  of  lint  in  their  faces,  always  the  thunder 
of  machinery  in  their  ears  "  ?  No  wonder  the 
average  life  of  a  child  worker  here  is  but  four 
years.  Their  senses  are  benumbed.  They  exist, 
that  is  all.  In  the  country  there  was  school, 
perhaps,  for  fourteen  weeks  in  the  year.  Farm- 
ers' boys  and  girls  sometimes  go  to  college. 
Over  forty  per  cent,  of  cotton  mill  child  oper- 
ators are  illiterate.  The  girl's  highest  ambi- 
tion is  to  run  as  many  looms  as  her  next  neigh- 
bour and  to  have  a  little  better  Sunday  clothing. 
They  grow  thin,  anaemic,  stoop-shouldered, 
narrow-chested,  sallow  and  old  while  still  young 
in  years.  Early  marriages  are  the  rule.  Child- 
widows  of  fourteen  are  not  uncommon.  What 
of  their  children  and  their  children's  children  ? 

IMMIGRANT  CHILDREN 
A  magazine  of  the  day  contains  a  series  of 
pictures  representing  the  work  of  an  "  immigrant 
sculptor."  The  bas-reliefs  are  of  Old  World 
peasants,  labouring  under  burdens  beneath  which 
their  shoulders  are  bowed ;  on  their  faces  is  the 
silence  of  a  forlorn  hope  that  is  almost  despair. 
Not  one  of  the  figures  shows  any  uplift  of  vision, 
any  elasticity  of  body  or  mind.  They  are  sad 
enough,  portentous  enough,  to  satisfy  the  most 
pronounced  champion  of  restricted  immigration. 


78  CITIZENS  OF  TOMORROW 

Closer  study  of  the  groups  reveals  the  secret 
of  the  artist's  failure  to  depict  the  hopes  and 
aspirations,  the  longings  and  purposes  of  the 
"  incoming  millions."  In  all  the  groups,  not  a 
single  child  figure  is  shown  save  that  of  a  babe 
in  arms,  sickly  and  helpless.  Well  might 
America  close  her  doors  and  lock  and  double- 
bar  her  gates  against  the  whole  world  outside,  if 
only  toil-worn  men  and  w^omen,  hopeless  and 
helpless,  sought  admission. 

But  stand  in  the  gallery  of  the  Registry  Room 
at  the  Immigrant  Station  on  Ellis  Island,  and 
watch  the  motley  crowd  below.  Tarry  until  you 
can  close  your  eyes  and  still  see  them  pressing  on 
and  on,  in  endless  procession,  until  your  ears  can 
hear  the  ceaseless  tramp  of  feet  from  Everywhere 
to  Here.  Look  at  the  newcomers  as  a  patriot — 
nay,  as  a  Christian — and  you  cannot  do  it  with- 
out tears  in  your  eyes  and  thoughts  too  deep  for 
words.  But  when  those  tears  and  thoughts  are 
analyzed,  you  will  find  that  the  tears  are  for  the 
past,  the  inevitable  homesickness,  the  sundered 
ties,  while  uppermost  in  all  the  thought  is  the 
new  hope  for  the  children,  the  sturdy  newcomers 
who  are  to  "  grow  up  with  the  country,"  who  are 
largely  to  be  the  country  in  the  near  future. 

To  trace  the  myriad  paths  opening  before  the 
feet  of  these  "  citizens  of  to-morrow  "  is  beyond 
our  power.  We  may  only  glance  at  a  few  of 
their  halting-places. 


CHILDREN  OF  TOIL  79 

IN  THE  MINING  REGIONS 

Have  you  ever  stepped  on  the  platform,  or 
into  a  "  bucket,"  and  gone  down  a  mining  shaft  ? 
It  was  no  deeper,  possibly,  than  the  height  of  the 
sky-scraper  whose  elevator  takes  you  to  its  upper 
offices  or  back  to  the  ground  floor  with  never  a 
thought  on  your  part  of  the  distance  travelled. 
But  the  elevator  is  well  lighted — and  the  descent 
to  the  mine  is  through  darkness  "  that  may  be 
felt."  You  have  never  seen,  never  dreamed,  of 
such  darkness.  You  long  to  scream,  to  beg  to 
be  taken  back  to  the  blessed  sunlight;  only 
reluctance  to  admit  that  you  are  frightened 
keeps  you  from  it. 

Down,  down,  you  go.  Will  the  machinery 
never  stop  ?  Does  the  shaft  reach  to  the  very 
heart  of  old  Mother  Earth  ?  What  could  have 
induced  you  to  go  into  this  terrific  darkness, 
through  this  wet,  slimy,  perpendicular  tunnel  ? 

The  motion  ceases  at  last.  The  tunnel  is 
horizontal  now,  its  darkness  only  made  visible 
by  the  tiny  lamps  on  the  caps  of  the  workmen. 
Men  are  lying  flat  on  their  backs  in  the  dark  and 
wet  and  slime,  and  wielding  picks  for  hours  and 
hours  !     Is  that  what  it  means  to  dig  coal  ? 

"  Will  you  go  on,  and  explore  the  mine  ? " 
Heaven  forbid  !  You  have  seen  enough.  What 
do  you  care  for  the  far  off  tunnels,  the  deeper 
shafts?     What — oh,  what  is  that?     Only  a  car 


80    ^      CITIZENS  OF  TO  MOEROW 

of  coal  drawn  b)-  a  mule  (the  animal  lives  down 
here),  and  driven  by  a  boy  no  larger  than  your 
own  little  son — shall  you  ever  see  him  again  ? 

Was  that  an  explosion  ?  "  By  no  means," 
they  say,  reassuringly.  "  It  was  only  the  shut- 
ting of  one  of  the  mine  doors."  You  succumb 
at  last  to  the  nameless  terror  and  ask  in  all  meek- 
ness, "  Can  we  go  up  now  ?  " 

"  Certainly,"  is  the  welcome  reply,  and  you 
enter  the  "  elevator "  and  actually  see  a  faint 
point  of  light  far  above — as  far  as  the  sky,  it 
seems.  But  it  comes  nearer  and  nearer,  until 
you  step  out  upon  the  earth,  under  God's  heav- 
ens once  more,  and  feel  that  if  no  one  were  look- 
ing you  would  kiss  the  very  ground  on  which 
you  stand. 

Coal?  Never  again  will  it  be  anything  but 
"  black  diamonds "  to  you !  You  have  seen  a 
little,  a  very  little,  of  what  it  costs.  But  a  life  in 
the  mine,  a  life  of  darkness,  of  discomfort,  of 
physical  torture  and  mental  deterioration,  is  the 
height  of  ambition  of  the  boys  in  the  breaker 
yonder !  Heaven  help  them  !  Heaven  help  the 
country  that  permits  such  things  !  Heaven  help 
us  if  we  do  not  do  our  utmost  to  help  them  ! 

"  But,"  asks  the  friend  at  your  side,  "  if  you 
educate  all  the  people,  who  will  do  the  dirty 
work,  the  hard  labour  ?  "  Yes,  who  ?  Will  you 
Jeave  your  boy  uneducated,  that  he  may  be  one 
of  those  whom  a  kind  (?)  Providence  thus  pro- 


CHILDREIT  OF  TOIL  81 

vides  ?  We  are  not  concerned,  here  and  now, 
with  that  phase  of  the  subject.  We  do  but  con- 
tend that  childhood  and  youth  are  defrauded  in 
our  own  America,  and  that  their  rights  must  be 
restored,  for  the  sake  of  the  country  as  well  as 
of  themselves. 

"  But  if  they  do  not  work  they  will  run  the 
streets  in  idleness."  Not  if"  we,  the  people,"  do 
our  duty  by  them  positively  as  well  as  negatively. 

"  The  work  of  the  small  boys  at  the  hard  coal 
mines,"  writes  Mr.  Owen  R.  Lovejoy,  Acting 
Secretary  of  the  National  Child  Labour  Commit- 
tee, "  is  principally  in  the  breakers.  In  the  coal 
breaker  the  employment  of  the  boys  is  in  picking 
slate  from  the  coal.  Seated  on  a  board  laid 
across  the  chute  in  which  the  coal  comes  pouring 
down  from  the  heavy  cylinders  where  it  was 
dumped  by  the  mine  cars  to  be  broken  into 
sizes,  the  little  boy  regulates  the  flow  of  coal  by 
the  position  of  his  feet  in  the  chute,  and  picks 
out  the  slate  and  rock  as  the  coal  runs  past.  In 
the  breakers  where  the  coal  is  cleaned  dry,  the 
cloud  of  dust  is  so  dense  that  light  cannot  pene- 
trate, and  even  on  bright  days  the  breaker  boys 
are  compelled  to  wear  mine  lamps  in  their  little 
caps  to  enable  them  to  see  the  coal  at  their  own 
feet.  On  sultry  days  the  dust  cloud  is  often 
seen  hanging  like  a  heavy  pall  above  the  great 
coal  breaker  for  an  hour  after  the  work  of  the 
day  is  done." 


82  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

The  breaker  boys!  Poor  little  humpbacks, 
made  so  by  Greed  and  Gain  !  When  they  leave 
their  torturing,  monotonous  work  in  the  break- 
ers, where  the  air  is  so  thick  with  coal  dust  that 
they  cannot  see  five  feet  ahead,  what  are  their 
surroundings?  Desolate  streets,  piles  of  culm 
that  almost  shut  out  the  sky,  yawning  pits, 
blackness  everywhere.  No  Board  of  Health  in- 
spects these  alleyways,  no  Village  Improvement 
Society  looks  after  the  back  yards  that  hide  be- 
hind the  miserable  apologies  for  homes.  It  is  all 
an  "  abomination  of  desolation." 

And  as  for  the  girls,  the  silk  industry  is  rush- 
ing into  the  mining  regions  where  girl  labour  is 
cheap  and  abundant.  With  this  fact  in  mind,  it 
is  not  difficult  to  forecast  the  future  of  those 
who — Slavs,  Bohemians,  Italians,  or  of  whatever 
race  they  may  be — are  to  be  the  mothers  of 
American  citizens. 

IN  GLASS  FACTORIES 

It  is  almost  literal  to  say  that  a  Moloch  to 
which  others  of  our  "  coming  citizens  "  are  sacri- 
ficed, is  found  in  the  glass  manufactories. 

"  Thousands  of  children  by  day  or  by  night," 
says  Edwin  Markham,  "  in  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  along  the  Ohio  River,  are  at  work 
at  this  intense  and  prostrating  labour  .  .  . 
and  chiefly  upon  soil  consecrated  to  freedom  by 
the  groans  and  prayers  of  the  awful  winter  at 


CHILDEEN  OF  TOIL  83 

Valley  Forge  and  by  the  bloody  sweat  of  the 
Wyoming  Massacre.'' 

A  goodly  per  cent,  of  all  the  glass  workers 
of  the  nation  are  boys  under  fourteen  years  of 
age.  They  are  at  the  beck  and  call  of  the  glass- 
blowers,  rushing  at  utmost  speed  back  and  forth 
between  furnaces  and  workmen,  in  a  temperature 
like  that  of  the  hottest  summer,  carrying  trays 
loaded  with  heated  glassware,  holding  it  for  re- 
heating at  the  "  glory-hole  "  (what  mockery  of 
name  ! ),  and  subject  to  accidents  due  to  the  heated 
glass.  A  careful  observer  estimates  that  in  eight 
hours  of  such  work  he  saw  a  boy  run  with  his 
dangerous  load  not  less  than  twenty-two  miles. 

As  a  matter  of  course,  such  conditions  tend  to 
intemperance,  and  the  saloons  often  found  around 
the  factories  afford  ample  opportunity  for  the 
indulgence  of  the  appetite  for  liquor.  "  The 
groggery  will  no  longer  be  the  refuge  of  the 
hopeless  when  we  have  rooted  out  the  hopeless 
drudgery  of  the  world."  Impurity  is  sure  to  ac- 
company intemperance.  "  When  a  boy  goes  into 
the  glass  factory  at  twelve  or  thirteen  years  of 
age,  by  the  time  he  is  fifteen  or  sixteen  he  is  too 
foul-mouthed  to  associate  with  decent  people." 

Not  all  glass  factories  are  like  those  described. 
In  some,  machinery  has  been  substituted  for  child 
labour,  and  those  doing  so  insist  that  it  pays. 
Careful  attention  is  given  .to  conditions  in  and 
around  many  establishments,  saloons  are  driven 


84  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

back  as  far  as  the  law  permits  and  drunkenness 
is  cause  for  dismissal.  But  enough  of  the  wrong 
sort  remain  to  warrant  the  continued  hue  and 
cry. 

IN  OTHER  INDUSTRIES 

The  child-workers  breathe  coal  dust  in  the 
breakers,  lint  in  the  cotton  mills,  sawdust  in  the 
furniture  factories,  and  alkaline  dust  in  soap  fac- 
tories. In  felt  factories  the  air  is  filled  with  fibres 
of  wool,  in  tobacco  houses  with  a  fine,  snuff- 
like, poison-laden  dust;  the  naphtha  of  rubber 
works,  the  phosphorus  of  matches,  the  lead  of 
type-foundries,  all  attack  the  lungs  of  the  chil- 
dren who  are  exposed  to  them  during  the  hours 
of  work.  And  wherever  the  nature  of  the  work 
does  not  render  it  unprofitable,  "  night  work  by 
children  is  the  rule  and  not  the  exception." 

In  the  slums  of  New  York  city,  the  beautiful 
wreath  that  My  Lady  eagerly  buys  for  her 
"  Easter  bonnet "  is  made  by  mother  and  grand- 
mother and  all  the  six  girls,  from  the  oldest  of 
fourteen  to  the  baby  of  five,  who  deftly  picks  the 
leaves  apart.  There  are  seventy  separate  flowers 
in  the  wreath,  and  each  petal  has  to  be  curled, 
and  petal,  bud,  and  green  leaf  must  be  strung  on 
the  glued  stem  with  a  final  twist.  And  the  family 
is  paid  twenty-five  cents  for  a  dozen  wreaths  ! 

Girls  in  their  early  teens  strip  tobacco  for 
"stogies,"  in  damp  tenement   cellars.     Women 


CHILDEEN  OF  TOIL  85 

cut  and  sew  filthy  carpet  rags  at  two  cents  for 
two  hundred  and  forty  yards,  earning  five  to 
fifteen  cents  a  day. 

Children  of  two  and  a  half  years  help  their 
tenement  house  mothers  in  their  sweatshop  work. 
At  three,  they  can  straighten  out  tobacco  leaves, 
at  four  put  covers  on  paper  boxes,  between  four 
and  six  sew  buttons  on  trousers  and  pull  basting 
threads.  At  seven  they  can  •'  dip  candy  "  from 
seven  in  the  morning  to  seven  at  night,  and  from 
seventy-eight  to  eighty  hours  a  week  at  Christ- 
mas time.  Girls  of  eight  to  twelve  can  finish 
trousers  as  well  as  their  mothers.  And  all  these 
things  are  actually  done,  and  for  the  very  stores 
at  which  patriotic.  Christian  women  trade. 
Scarlet  fever  or  other  contagious  disease  in  the 
home  is  no  bar  to  the  work.  The  half-made  gar- 
ments can  be  used  as  coverlids  for  the  sick  while 
the  sewing  goes  on.  These  are  the  factors  of 
the  problem.  It  is  easy  for  one  who  cares  only 
for  money  to  find  its  solution. 

"  Half  the  time,"  said  a  shrewd  observer,  "  the 
children  ain't  a  mite  to  blame  for  their  sulky  tem- 
pers. Some  of  'em  are  down-hearted  from  the 
start.  Why,  I  knew  of  a  baby  down  to  Hard- 
scrabble  that  was  discouraged  when  it  wasn't  but 
two  days  old."  Small  wonder  that  so  many  of 
the  babies  of  the  city  tenements  get  "discour- 
aged," and  give  up  the  bitter  struggle  before  life 
has  fairly  begun. 


86  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

"  The  newsboy's  service  is  demoralizing,  but 
the  messenger  service  is  debauching.  Boys  are 
sent  at  all  hours  of  the  day  or  night  into  all  sorts 
of  places,  and  after  the  boy  has  added  to  his  own 
experiences  the  experiences  he  secures  through 
the  exchange  of  confidences  with  his  fellow 
workers,  his  education  has  proceeded  very  far  in 
those  lines  in  which  we  strive  hardest  to  limit 
knowledge  among  children.  .  .  .  Practically 
every  disreputable  house  has  its  call  box,  and  one 
has  but  to  press  a  button  and  a  boy  is  sent  from 
a  messenger  office  on  any  errand  of  sin." 

"  Hardly  any  one  will  argue  that  the  lobby  of  a 
hotel  with  the  ribald  jest  and  obscene  yarn  that 
often  pass  current  there,  is  a  fit  place  for  young 
boys.  Yet  the  city  hotels  employ  children 
twelve,  thirteen  and  fourteen  years  old  in  occupa- 
tions which,  from  the  viewpoint  of  moral  insur- 
ance, can  only  be  classed  as  '  extra  hazardous.'  " 

THOUGHTS  FOR  THE  THOUGHTFUL 
*•  Talk  about  protection  to  '  infant  industries ' !     Let  us  have 
it  for  '  infant  industry,'  or  there  will  soon  be  no  industries  at 
all." 

"  It  pays,  my  masters,  to  grind  little  children  into  dividends, 
for  the  silks  and  muslins  do  not  show  the  stain  of  blood,  al- 
though they  are  splashed  with  scarlet  on  God's  side." 

"  The  reserve  strength  of  the  nation  for  to-morrow  is  with 

these  children  of  to-day." 

Think  of  your  little  girl  in  one  of  those  textile  mills  in  the 
South  working  night  shifts.    Yoli  know  that  your  child's  eyes 


CHILDEEN  OF  TOIL  87 

begin  to  droop  when  night  falls.  At  that  hour  you  want  your 
little  one  to  be  safely  tucked  in  bed.  You  would  think  it  mon- 
strous if  your  little  child  should  be  forcibly  kept  awake  till  mid- 
night. What,  then,  do  you  think  of  that  other  child's  being 
kept  awake  all  night,  its  eyelids  drooping,  its  strength  going 
from  it  till  it  is  hardly  able  to  stand  ? — Felix  AdUr. 

For  a  day,  or  a  night,  at  a  stretch,  these  little  children  do 
some  one  monotonous  thing — abusing  their  eyes  in  watching  the 
rushing  threads,  dwarfing  their  muscles  in  an  eternity  of  petty 
movements  .  .  .  bestowing  ceaseless,  anxious  attention  for 
hours  when  science  says  that  a  twenty  minutes'  strain  is  enough 
for  a  young  xsmA.-^Edwiti  Markkatn. 

The  census  of  1900  reported  half  a  million  native-born  chil- 
dren in  the  United  States  between  ten  and  fourteen  years  of 
age,  who  could  neither  read  nor  write.  Note  that  these  were 
native  American  children,  not  the  children  of  newly-come  im- 
migrants. Among  them  were  included  the  little  black  child  in 
the  fields  picking  cotton  and  the  little  white  child  in  the  mills 
spinning  and  helping  to  weave  it. 

The  country  might  have  been  more  startled  by  the  figures 
had  it  not  taken  five  years  for  the  census  authorities  to  issue  the 
bulletin  containing  them.  By  the  time  the  story  was  told, 
many  of  the  children  enumerated  were  married  or  dead. 
Married !  Think  of  what,  by  all  the  laws  of  heredity,  their 
children  will  be  ! 

"  As  to  the  cotton  crop,"  writes  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley,  Secre- 
tary of  the  National  Consumers'  League,  "  we  Americans  are 
so  very  eager  !  We  have  even  been  willing  to  corrupt  the  men 
who  knew  anything  about  it  if  they  would  give  us  tidings  a  few 
hours  ahead  of  the  legal  moment  of  pubhcation.  But  for  infor- 
mation about  the  children  who  work  up  the  cotton  crop,  we  can 
wait  until  they  are  grown  up  and  married  !  We  Americans 
care  so  little  about  the  working  children,  who  are  citizens  in  the 
bud,  who  will  be  the  Republic  when  we  are  dead !     .     .     . 

"  It  is  time  to  recognize  that  the  children  who  will  be  the 
Republic  have  rights  now.     It  is  important  that  the  American 


88  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOREOW 

people  should  know  under  what  circumstances  they  are  living, 
and  working,  and  becoming  invalids  or  criminals,  thousands  of 
them  dying  in  childhood  or  early  youth.  Surely  it  is  more 
important  to  know  these  things,  that  we  may  act  upon  the 
knowledge,  than  to  be  informed  with  furious  haste  whenever 
another  great  [government]  department  hopes  that  it  has  found 
some  new  variety  of  insect  that  may  destroy  the  boll-weevil. 
Surely  it  is  more  important  that  the  American  people  should 
know  what  is  really  happening  to  its  young  children  than  that 
we  should  learn  at  brief  intervals  how  the  young  lobsters  are 
faring  on  the  coast  of  Maine  and  the  young  trout  in  the 
streams  of  Northern  Wisconsin.  .  .  .  We  rank  with 
Russia  in  the  matter  of  our  half-million  illiterate  native  chil- 
dren." 

FROM  EMPLOYERS'  STANDPOINTS 
"  We  cannot  altogether  blame  the  manufacturers  when  these 
people  are  fairly  urging  them  to  take  on  their  children  in  the 
mills.  And  we  need  to  remember,  also,  that  to  many  of  these 
unfortunate  people  factory  life  is  a  distinct  improvement  on  the 
log  cabin,  salt  pork,  and  peach-brandy  '  cracker '  type  of  life 
from  which  they  were  sorted  out  when  the  mills  came.  The 
manufacturer  does  not  see  as  yet  that  when  these  people  drift 
to  the  factory  centres  they  become  industrial,  social  and 
political  factors  in  an  altogether  new  and  more  serious  sense." 

A  prominent  business  man  states  emphatically  that,  as  a 
rule,  for  every  dollar  earned  by  a  child  under  fourteen  years  of 
age  tenfold  is  taken  from  his  earning  capacity  in  later  years. 

Said  the  superintendent  of  a  glass  factory,  "  Some  people  are 
born  to  work  with  their  brains,  and  some  with  their  hands. 
Look  at  these  boys.  It  is  idle  to  take  them  from  the  glass 
works  in  order  to  give  them  an  education.  They  are  what 
they  are  and  will  always  remain  so." 

"  Not  long  ago  the  owner  of  a  large  factory,  the  employer  of 
piany    people,  took   me    through  his  plant.     We  came  upon  a 


CHILDREN  OF  TOIL  89 

little  gill  who,  he  said,  earned  $7  a  week  at  piece  work. 
Bent  over  her  machine,  she  was  working  as  fast  as  her  arms 
could  move.  On  hearing  our  voices  in  passing  she  looked  up, 
and  when  I  saw  her  flushed  face  already  indicating  physical 
disability  I  asked  her  employer,  '  How  much  will  she  earn  five 
years  hence  if  she  continues  at  this  work  ? '  His  reply  was, 
•  I  presume  we  shall  have  to  have  another  girl  in  her  place  by 
that  time.'  " 

Of  the  same  type  was  a  maker  of  factory  machinery  who 
made  special  announcement  that  his  machines  were  adapted 
to  the  use  of  very  small  children  ! 

Said  another  employer,  pointing  to  a  group  of  boys,  "  Look 
into  their  faces  and  you  can  see  that  they  are  not  fitted  for  any- 
thing else.  You  must  be  careful  not  to  be  too  much  of  a  provi- 
dence to  people  who  are  born  for  another  kind  of  existence. 
I  shall  oppose  every  effort  that  is  made  for  improved  child  leg- 
islation in  this  state."  Alas  for  the  nation  when  control  of 
human  lives  is  in  the  hands  of  men  without  education  or  heart ! 

"  There  are  employers  who  take  a  larger  economic  view,  and 
who  realize  that  it  is  to  their  own  interests  to  favour  the  giving 
of  larger  opportunities  to  the  child.  But  they  are  rare.  Said 
one  of  these,  '  I  do  not  want  any  children  under  sixteen  years 
of  age  in  my  employ.  I  do  not  believe  it  pays  to  have  children. 
It  pays  better  to  give  higher  wages  to  adults  and  get  the  greater 
concentration  of  effort  that  adult  labour  can  bring.'  " 

PREPARATION  FOR  CITIZENSHIP 

Many  of  the  "  breaker  boys  "  are  Americans,  because  born 
in  this  country,  although  of  foreign  parentage  and  under  con- 
ditions most  foreign  to  American  life  and  thought.  But  even 
if  the  laws  that  forbid  their  employment  under  a  reasonable 
age  were  enforced,  the  son  of  the  most  illiterate  foreigner,  if  a 
day  over  the  legal  age,  may  begin  work  with  absolutely 
no  conception  of  what  it  means  to  be  an  American,  and  may 
vote  at  twenty-one.     Who  wonders  at  "  boss  rule  "  under  such 


90  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOREOW 

conditions  ?     "  The  problem  is  the  problem  of  the  American 
child  born  in  a  foreign  country," 

Said  the  Slav  mother  of  an  eleven-year-old  girl,  "  Sallie  no 
need  no  more  school.     She  got  more  school  as  me  already." 

A  coal-breaker  foreman  remarked,  "  It's  queer  how  all  these 
little  fellows  who  have  come  to  us  this  spring  are  just  fourteen, 
and  were  all  born  on  the  first  of  May  !  " 

That  a  large  proportion  of  the  next  generation  of  factory  opera- 
tives are  growing  up  stunted  in  body  and  mind,  and  nearly  all 
of  them  illiterate  in  a  section  of  the  country  where  the  general 
average  of  illiteracy  is  already  appalling,  is  a  matter  of  the 
greatest  concern — a  social  and  civic  and  economic  menace  to 
the  community. 

"  There  is  no  substitute  for  manhood.  No  fuel  will  keep  the 
fires  burning  on  the  nation's  altars  save  virtue,  intelligence  and 
industrial  efficiency. 

"  And  were  it  necessary  to  employ  these  little  boys  of  nine 
and  ten  years  in  order  to  produce  coal  at  a  reasonable  price — 
which  no  intelligent  person  believes — better  mortgage  the 
factory  and  the  farm  and  the  store  and  the  church  and  the 
home  to  pay  the  coal  bill  than  put  a  mortgage  on  the  efficiency 
of  the  coming  generations  that  may  require  centuries  to  lift." 

That  the  lamp  of  his  Soul  should  go  out ;  that  no  ray  of 
heavenly  or  even  of  earthly  knowledge  should  visit  him  ;  but 
only  in  the  haggard  darkness,  like  two  spectres,  Fear  and  In- 
dignation bear  him  company !  Alas. — must  the  Soul  lie 
blinded  and  dwarfed,  stupefied,  almost  annihilated?  Alas, 
was  this,  too,  a  breath  of  God,  bestowed  in  heaven  but  on  earth 
never  to  be  unfolded  ?  That  there  should  one  man  die  ignorant 
who  had  capacity  for  knowledge,  that  I  call  a  tragedy  were  it 
to  happen  more  than  twenty  times  in  the  minute,  as  by  sane 
computation  it  does. —  Thomas  Carlyle, 


CHILDEEN  OF  TOIL  91 

"A  CHILD  SHALL  LEAD  THEM" 
Statistics  show  that,  in  proportion  to  the  number  employed, 
accidents  to  working  children  are  250  or  300  per  cent,  more 
than  to  adults.  "  All  our  boasted  protection  to  home  and  child- 
hood stands  ashamed  before  the  bare  fact  that  in  working  out 
our  industrial  purposes  in  America  we  subject  our  little  children 
to  a  danger  nearly  three  times  as  great  as  that  incurred  by 
men,  instead  of  throwing  around  the  weak  and  defenseless 
those  special  safeguards  invoked  by  their  helplessness — a 
humane  principle  recognized  as  fundamental  by  nearly  every 
savage  tribe  in  the  history  of  human  evolution." 

"  To  sit  all  day  over  a  dusty  coal  chute,  fixing  the  mind 
wholly  on  the  distinction  between  a  piece  of  coal  and  a  piece  of 
rock  or  slate,  and  in  the  close  company  of  a  group  of  boys  free 
from  the  restraints  of  home  or  school,  is  a  kind  of  preparation 
for  a  nine-year-old  boy  from  which,  it  is  true,  many  have  emerged 
to  noble  and  educated  manhood,  but  from  which  I  venture 
every  right-thinking  father  and  mother  who  reads  these  words 
would  make  all  possible  sacrifice  to  shield  their  own  boys. 

"  It  is  unnecessary  here  to  enter  upon  a  discussion  of  the 
evils  of  profanity,  obscenity,  gambling,  and  various  forms  of 
physical  intemperance.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  the  lives  of 
many  of  the  small  boys  in  the  coal  regions  are  already  so 
tainted  by  vicious  habits  that  an  almost  insuperable  obstacle  to 
a  maturity  of  virtue  and  intelligence  is  presented." 

I  had  been  down  town,  supping  and  talking  about  the  East 
Side,  that  strange  city  within  a  city,  and  was  returning  on  the 
subway  about  two  o'clock  in  the  morning.  I  became  aware  of 
a  little  lad  sitting  opposite  me,  a  childish-faced,  delicate  little 
creature  of  eleven  years  or  so,  wearing  the  uniform  of  a  messen- 
ger. He  drooped  from  fatigue,  roused  himself  with  a  start, 
edged  off  his  seat  with  a  sigh,  stepped  off  the  car  and  was  van- 
ishing up-stairs,  into  the  electric  glare  of  Eighth  Street,  as  the 
train  drew  out  of  the  station, 

"  What  on  earth,"  said  I,  '♦  is  that  baby  doing  abroad  at  this 


92  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

time  of  night  ?  "  And  then  this  weary  little  wretch  became  the 
irritant  centre  of  a  painful  region  of  inquiry.  "  How  many 
hours  a  day  may  a  child  work  in  New  York  City,"  1  began  to 
ask  people,  "  and  when  may  a  boy  leave  school  ?  " 

I  had  blundered,  I  found,  on  the  weakest  spot  in  America's 
fine  front  of  national  well-being.  .  .  .  Before  I  had  done 
with  the  question  I  had  come  upon  amazing  things.  Just  think 
of  it !  This  richest,  greatest  country  the  world  has  ever  seen, 
has  over  1,700,000  children  under  fifteen  years  of  age  toiling  in 
fields,  factories,  mines  and  workshops. 

These  working  children  cannot  be  learning  to  read,  though 
they  will  presently  be  having  votes,  they  cannot  grow  up  fit  to 
bear  arms,  to  be  in  any  sense  but  a  vile,  computing  sweater's 
sense,  men.  They  will  avenge  themselves  by  supplying  the 
stuff  for  vice  and  crime,  for  yet  more  criminal  and  corrupt 
political  manipulations.  One  million  seven  hundred  thousand 
children,  practically  uneducated,  are  growing  up  darkened, 
marred  and  dangerous. — H.  G,   Wells,  in  Harper^s  Weekly. 

[In  this  striking  picture,  the  nbtable  English  writer  has  fallen 
into  the  natural  error  of  confounding  agricultural  conditions  of 
child-labour  familiar  to  him  in  England,  with  the  very  different, 
and  unobjectionable  conditions  prevailing  in  this  country.  But 
even  with  this  allowance,  enough  truth  remains  to  make  the 
arraignment  a  serious  one.] 

"  Is  this  the  Christian  civilization  we  compute  in  our  census 
returns  and  brag  of  in  our  Bible  classes  ?  Is  this  the  re- 
ligion we  carry  to  the  Congo,  the  Ganges,  the  Hoang-Ho?  Is 
it  Christ  or  Mammon  who  stands  to-day  at  the  corner  of  the 
streets  and  says,  •  Suffer  little  children  to  come  unto  Me  '  ?  " 

Forces  of  leonine  violence,  forces  of  serpentine  cunning, 
forces  of  selfish  greed,  as  well  as  forces  of  peaceful  industry  and 
domestic  labour,  must  consent  to  be  led  in  peaceful  procession, 
while  walking  before  them,  drawing  their  might  with  his  inno- 
cence, his  helplessness  and  his  promise,  is  the  figure  of  the  little 


CHILDREN  OF  TOIL  93 

child.  God  speed  the  day  !  God  hasten  the  coming  of  the  age 
when  the  child  shall  not  be  driven  but  shall  lead,  when  the 
child  shall  not  be  the  prey  of  giant  forces,  that  are  now  con- 
tending for  the  mastery,  but  shall  quell  and  tame  their  violence, 
and  inaugurate  the  reign  of  universal  brotherhood. — A.  J. 
McKelway. 

WHAT  ANSWER? 

Out  of  the  lanes  and  alleys, 

Out  of  the  vile  purlieu. 
Summon  the  wee  battalions, 

Pass  them  in  long  review. 
Grimy  and  ragged  and  faded  — 

Say,  if  you  choose,  with  a  tear, 
"  These  are  the  ones  of  His  kingdom, 

And  thus  do  I  keep  them  here." 

Here,  where  the  tenements  breed  them, 

Gather  them,  gather  them  in. 
Heirs  to  the  kingdom  of  heaven. 

Bound  in  the  maze  of  sin. 
What  have  ye  done  to  uplift  them. 

These  whom  He  loves  so  well  ? 
Oh,  tiny  and  worn,  unkempt  and  forlorn, 

Us  of  your  heritage  tell. 

The  faces,  the  wee,  weary  faces, 

Old  ere  their  time,  so  old  ! 
Who  from  His  kingdom  tore  them. 

And  into  this  bondage  sold  ? 
Folk  of  the  stately  churches, 

Here  is  the  baby  host. 
Heirs  to  a  Father's  glory. 

Marked  with  the  grim  word,  "  Lost !  '' 

The  faces,  the  old,  old  faces. 
On  bodies  so  wee,  so  wee, 
Whose  is  the  hand  that  crushed  them, 


94  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

And  made  them  the  dreg  and  the  lee  ? 
"  Suffer  the  little  children," — 
Is  this  the  answer  we  bear  ? 
That  they  live  their  lives  in  the  haunts  and  hives, 
The  children  of  dumb  despair  ? 

— Selected. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS 

Describe  conditions  among  the  American  Highlanders. 

Why,  and  by  whom,  have  cotton  mills  been  established  in  the 
Southern  States  ? 

What  changes  take  place  when  a  family  from  the  mountains 
moves  to  a  factory  town  ? 

Describe  child  work  in  southern  mills. 

What  is  the  most  hopeful  phase  of  immigration  ? 

Describe  a  visit  to  a  coal  mine. 

Describe  the  work  of  the  breaker  boys. 

Describe  the  work  of  boys  in  glass  factories. 

What  evils  result  from  it  ? 

What  are  the  evils  of  child  work  in  cities  ? 

What  dangers  does  it  often  bring  to  purchasers  of  goods? 

What  special  evils  lie  in  wait  for  telegraph  and  messenger 
boys? 

What  should  be  done  for  "  the  children  of  toil "  to-day,  in 
order  to  fit  them  for  to-morrow  ? 

REFERENCES 

The  Children  of  Toil.  Robert  Hunter.  World's  Work, 
December,  1906. 

The  Hoe-man  in  the  Making.  Edwin  Markham.  A  series 
begun  in  the  Cosmopolitan,  September,  1900,  and  in- 
cluding The  Children  at  the  Looms,  Child-Wrecking  in  the 
Glass  Factories,  etc. 

A  valuable  series  of  articles  on  child  labour  was  begun  in  the 
Woman's  Home  Companion  of  June,  1906. 

Child  Labour  in  the  Department  Store.     Franklin  N.  Brewer. 


CHILDREN  OF  TOIL  95 

y  A  suggestive  sketch  of  child  labour  so  adjusted  as  to  be  an 
aid  in  the  development  of  character.     Also 

The  Child  Labour  Problem.     A.  J.  McKelway. 

Child  Labour  a  National  Problem.  Samuel  McCune  Lindsay, 
Ph.D.  Annalsofthe  American  Academy,  March,  1906.  These 
and  many  other  valuable  articles  have  been  issued  as  leaflets 
by  the  National  Child  Labour  Committee.    (See  address  below.) 

Child  Labour  in  Churches  and  Homes.  Lillian  W.  Betts. 
The  Outlook,  April  18,  1903. 

All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of  Girls.  Lillian  W.  Betts.  Sug- 
gestive of  what  may  be  done  in  any  town  in  the  way  of  mutual 
aid  between  factory  girls  and  "  the  other  girls."  The  Outlook, 
March  31,  1900. 

The  Life  of  the  Georgia  Cracker.  Quoted  from  the  New 
York  Sun  in  Current  Literature,  January,  1900. 

Social  Settlements  and  their  Work  among  Children.  Prof. 
Graham  R.  Taylor,  of  the  Chicago  Commons.  The  Chautau- 
quan,  June,  1906. 

Charities,  Fourth  Avenue  and  Twenty-second  Street,  New 
York  City,  has  frequent  and  most  interesting  articles  on  child 
labour. 

PROGRAM  SUGGESTIONS 
The  reports  of  the  National  Child  Labour  Committee 
(Fourth  Avenue  and  22d  Street,  New  York  City),  contain 
much  of  interest  on  this  subject.  Those  of  the  National  Con- 
sumers' League  (same  address)  show  from  year  to  year  the 
progress  of  the  needed  reform. 

The  League  of  Social  Service  (New  York  City)  has  for 
sale,  lantern  slides  that  will  help  to  emphasize  the  facts  pre- 
sented. 

Learn  about  the  child  labour  laws  in  your  own  state. 

Study  the  character  of  the  foreign  population  from  which 
child  labourers  are  mostly  recruited.  (See  "  The  Incoming 
Millions.") 


9G  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEKOW 

What  do  newsboys  and  messenger  boys  read  ?  Leai  n  by 
observation  and  inquiry  and  consider  the  probable  results. 

In  localities  where  "  gangs  "  of  foreigners  are  at  work,  as 
where  railroad-building,  canal-digging,  etc.,  are  carried  on, 
study  the  conditions  under  which  the  men  and  half-grown  boys 
are  housed  and  fed. 

Who  picks  the  berries  and  cranberries  of  the  eastern  markets  ? 
(See  Charities  for  Nov.  4,  1905.     10  cents.) 

What  does  the  Christmas  season  bring  to  child-toilers  of  the 
city  ? 

Make  a  list  of  the  trades  in  your  town  or  city  that  employ 
children  under  si.\teen  years  of  age. 

Analyze,  without  prejudice,  the  reasons  given  by  girls  for 
preferring  factory  to  kitchen  work.  What  conclusions  may  be 
drawn  from  the  facts  ? 


WITH  MISTAKEN  FAITHS 


Our  little  systems  have  their  day, 
They  have  their  day  and  cease  to  be ; 
They  are  but  broken  lights  of  Thee, 

And  Thou,  O  Lord,  art  more  than  they. 


The  great  world's  altar-stairs 
That  slope  through  darkness  up  to  God. 

— Tennyson. 


BIBLE  LESSON 
The  Law  of  Purity 

In  Life. — Who  shall  ascend  into  the  hill  of  the  Lord,  and 
who  shall  stand  in  His  holy  place  ?  He  that  hath  clean  hands 
and  a  pure  heart. — Ps.  24  :  3,  4. 

Blessed  are  the  pure  in  heart ;  for  they  shall  see  God. — 
Matt.  5 :  8. 

The  end  of  the  commandment  is  charity  out  of  a  pure  heart. 
—I  Tim.  1 :  5. 

Whatsoever  things  are  honest,  whatsoever  things  are  just, 
whatsoever  things  are  pure  ,  .  .  think  on  these  things. 
—Phil.  4:8. 

In  Worship. — Thou  shalt  have  no  other  gods  before  me. — 
Ex.  20 :  3. 

The  Lord  hath  chosen  thee  to  be  a  peculiar  people  unto  Him- 
self, above  all  the  nations  that  are  upon  the  earth. — Deut.  14:  2. 

(May  these  words  be  rightfully  applied  to  this  nation?  If 
so,  what  is  its  responsibility  and  its  duty  ?) 

Wherefore  should  the  heathen  say.  Where  is  now  their  God  ? 
— Ps.  115:  2. 

(Why  are  <<  the  ends  of  the  earth  "  coming  to  this  land  ?) 


V 

WITH  MISTAKEN  FAITHS 

MORMONS 

NO  sketch  of  the  conditions  surrounding 
the  young  people  of  the  land  would 
be  complete  without  including  the 
special  difficulties  that  beset  the  path  of  the 
young  people  of  Mormonism.  A  striking  car- 
toon in  a  missionary  magazine  represents  a 
white-bearded,  dignified  old  man,  a  Bishop,  at 
least,  standing  by  a  table  on  which  rests  the 
"  political  balance."  Its  scalepans,  labelled  re- 
spectively, "  Mormon  Democratic  Vote,"  and 
"  Mormon  Republican  Vote,"  are  filled  with 
voters  and  equally  poised.  In  his  right  hand 
he  holds  the  third  "  bunch "  of  voters,  as  he 
carefully  scans  papers  in  his  left  labelled,  "  Bid." 
What  does  it  mean  ?  Listen  to  the  words 
spoken  by  a  Bishop  of  the  Mormon  Church,  in 
1880: 

Our  church  has  been  organized  only  fifty  years,  yet  behold 
its  wealth  and  its  power.  We  look  forward  with  perfect  confi- 
dence to  the  day  when  we  will  hold  the  reins  of  the  United 
States  government.  This  is  our  present  temporal  aim.  To- 
day we  hold  the  balance  of  political  power  in  Idaho.  We  rule 
Utah  absolutely,  and  in  a  short  time  we  will  hold  the  balance 

99 


100  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

of  political  power  in  Arizona  and  Wyoming.  Our  people  are 
obedient.  Our  vote  is  solid  and  will  remain  so.  It  will  be 
thrown  where  it  will  do  the  most  good  for  the  church.  Then, 
in  some  political  crisis,  tlie  two  present  political  parties  will  bid 
for  our  support.  .  .  .  We  will  then  hold  the  balance  of 
power  and  dictate  to  the  country. 

That  much  of  the  prophecy  has  been  fulfilled, 
cannot  be  doubted  by  those  who  have  studied 
the  signs  of  the  times,  especially  within  the  last 
ten  years.  But  our  immediate  concern  is  with 
the  ideal  of  patriotic  manhood,  and  the  purity 
of  the  franchise,  held  up  before  the  eyes  of 
Mormon  youth.  We  talk  of  the  evils,  and  they 
are  many,  of  purchased  votes  in  our  great  cities. 
But  what  are  these  compared  with  the  absolute 
removal  of  personal  choice  and  freedom  of 
manly  decision,  that  must  be  the  lot  of  a  loyal 
young  Mormon  ?  What  sort  of  citizen  for  a 
Republic  is  he  likely  to  become  ? 

In  November,  1906,  The  Lnprovement  Era,  a. 
magazine  much  read  by  the  young  people  of 
Mormonism,  contained  the  following  statement 
in  a  letter  from  President  Joseph  E.  Smith : 
"  Just  now  there  is  a  tendency  among  some  of 
the  thoughtless  young  men  to  sympathize  with 
the  fight  against  the  church  authorities  waged  by 
the  assassins  of  virtue,  the  supporters  of  vice 
and  riot  and  wine  and  lewd  women,  gambling, 
robbery,  and  general  corruption."  Remember- 
ing that  the  "  fight "  is  against  polygamy  and 


WITH  MISTAKEN  FAITHS  101 

disloyalty,  and  that  it  is  carried  on  by  the  Chris- 
tian church  and  by  Christian  organizations,  the 
epithets  applied  to  the  opponents  of  Mormonism 
have  more  than  their  face  value  as  indexes  of 
thought  that  will  crystallize  into  action  as  rapidly 
as  opportunity  permits. 

But  yet  more  subtle  forces  are  poisoning  the 
lives  of  even  the  children  of  the  Mormon  faith. 
The  language  of  religion,  as  understood  by  the 
Christian  world,  has  become  so  allied  to  impurity 
that  its  interpretation  in  the  thought  of  a  Mor- 
mon child  is  entirely  perverted.  We  speak  of 
the  Son  of  God,  who  "  loved  righteousness  and 
hated  iniquity."  The  Mormon  child  thinks  of 
Christ  as  a  polygamist.  We  talk  of  "  one  God 
and  Father  of  all,  who  is  above  all,  and  through 
all,  and  in  you  all."  The  Mormon  catechism 
questions,  "Are  there  more  Gods  than  one?" 
and  answers,  "  Yes,  many.  When  our  Father 
Adam  came  into  the  garden  of  Eden,  he  came 
into  it  with  a  celestial  body,  and  brought  Eve, 
one  of  his  wives,  with  him  "  ;  and  in  the  Joiirnal 
of  Discourses,  a  standard  authority  in  the  Mormon 
Church,  Joseph  Smith  distinctly  claims  that  men 
are  gods,  saying, "  God  Himself  was  once  as  we 
are  now,  and  is  an  exalted  man!' 

The  children  in  our  Sunday-schools  are  taught 
that  "by  one  man  [Adam]  sin  entered  into  the 
world,  and  death  by  sin."  The  child  who  learns 
the  Mormon  catechism — and  it  is  most  carefully 


102  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

taught — reads  that  "  we  ought  to  consider  the  fall 
of  our  first  parents  as  one  of  the  great  steps  to  ex- 
altation and  happiness,  and  one  ordered  by  God 
in  His  infinite  wisdom."  We  believe  in  purity 
of  heart  and  life  as  essential  to  Christianity. 
Polygamy,  and  that  of  the  most  debasing  kind, 
in  forms  distinctly  forbidden  even  in  the  Mosaic 
law,  is  taught  and  practiced  by  the  leaders  of  the 
Mormon  church — and  this  in  violation  of  solemn 
promises  and  in  defiance  of  the  government  of 
the  United  States. 

When  church  and  state,  united  in  one,  incul- 
cate immorality,  treason,  falsehood,  hypocrisy, 
blind  obedience  to  rulers  and  the  breaking  of 
faith  as  a  righteous  thing,  what  can  be  expected 
from  children  and  youth  that  are  growing  up 
under  such  influences?  What  becomes  of  the 
sanctity  of  the  home,  of  pure  parenthood  and 
sheltered  childhood ?  "A  hierarchy  that  con- 
trols the  conscience  of  its  voters  and  enforces  its 
orders  with  threats  of  eternal  damnation  and 
promises  of  substantial  reward,  is  as  dangerous 
as  it  is  un-American." 

The  regular  church  program  for  a  week,  as 
reported  by  a  missionary  in  Utah,  shows  the 
pains  taken  to  reach  the  young  people  and  to 
hold  them  to  the  Mormon  faith.  "  Monday 
evening  is  young  ladies'  meeting,  Tuesday  young 
men's  meeting.  On  Wednesday  evening  there  is 
a  meeting  for  '  deacons,'  or  boys  who  have  been 


WITH  MISTAKEN  FAITHS  103 

baptized  and  have  become  members  of  the  church. 
Thursday  evening  comes  Bible  Study,  and  on 
Friday  a  lecture  or  a  dance — sometimes  both. 
One  day  in  the  v^eek  a  children's  meeting  is  held, 
and  once  a  month  *  conjoint,'  a  kind  of  literary 
meeting  in  which  the  program  is  given  by  the 
young  people."  Mormon  dances  are  opened 
with  prayer,  and  are  sometimes  held  in  the 
audience  room  of  the  church.  They  are  not 
even  decorous,  in  many  cases,  but  through  them 
the  church  has  a  hold  upon  its  young  adherents. 
Few  Mormon  children  own  a  Bible.  A  lad  in 
his  teens  may  be  sent  across  the  seas  as  a  mis- 
sionary, especially  if  he  is  thought  to  be  growing 
lax  in  the  faith.  Home  life,  of  course,  is  on  a 
low  plane,  books  and  magazines  are  few.  The 
highest  glory  of  the  Mormon  woman  is  to  have 
children — the  more  in  number  the  greater  her 
glory,  especially  in  the  hereafter. 

REAL  LIFE  AMONG  THE  MORMONS 

My  hostess  introduced  two  young  women  each  as  "  Mrs. 
J.  B.  Wilson."  They  must  have  seen  the  surprise  on  my  face, 
for  one  of  the  young  women  immediately  said : 

"  Oh,  yes,  we  are  a  polygamous  family  and  we  are  not 
ashamed  of  it,  either." 

Polygamous  wives  are  received  in  the  so-called  best  society 
of  Utah  cities.  Indeed,  the  Mormons  naturally  fix  the  fashion- 
able standards  in  Utah,  and  any  Gentile  who  should  be  out- 
spoken in  opposition  to  polygamy  or  Mormonism  would  not 
have  a  very  happy  time  in  society.  Ostracism  in  society  and 
business  is  the  lot  of  those  who  criticise  the  church.     They  ruin 


104  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

their  enemies'  business  through  the  agency  of  boycott ;  they 
drive  women  away  by  destroying  their  reputation. 

I  remember  one  Sunday  in  a  Mormon  village  church  seeing 
two  little  old  women  dressed  exactly  alike,  sitting  together  in  a 
front  pew.  Inquiring  whether  they  were  twins,  I  was  informed 
that  they  were  plural  wives.  They  were  dressed  just  alike  in 
order  that  neither  might  be  jealous  of  the  other's  attire. — 
Marion  Bonsall. 

"  The  truth  is,  Mormons  are  trained  from  childhood  to  de- 
ceive Gentiles,  and  they  do  it  easily  and  comfortably.  Some 
people  are  harsh  enough  to  say  that  they  lie  with  perfect 
ease  and  frankness.  They  can  explain  even  their  horrible 
doctrine  of  polygamy  so  sweetly  that  it  looks  almost  like  a 
good  thing." 

One  family  we  visited  were  Mormons  but  not  polygamists. 
The  house  consisted  of  two  rooms  and  a  woodshed,  cluttered 
and  filthy  in  the  extreme.  The  mother  and  two  children  were 
as  untidy  as  the  house.  The  conversation  turned  upon  po- 
lygamy. Of  course,  being  a  Mormon,  the  woman  declared  her 
belief  in  it,  but  said  that  only  the  very  best  Mormons  could 
practice  it.  She  was  not  good  enough.  "  Did  not  Abraham, 
Isaac  and  Jacob  have  plural  wives  ?  Was  it  not  a  command 
from  God  to  replenish  the  earth,  and  was  not  the  air  filled  with 
spirits  waiting  for  bodies  in  order  to  come  to  this  earth  to 
live  ?  "  All  these  questions  she  asked  with  an  air  of  sincerity, 
and  added  that  they  were  indeed  obliged  to  give  up  (  ?  )  the 
practice  of  polygamy,  but  they  believed  it  just  the  same,  and 

would  die   for  the   doctrine !     Well    may   Bishop  say, 

"  I  have  been  around  the  world,  visited  every  mission  field, 
come  in  contact  with  every  ism  and  religion,  but  the  greatest 
problem  the  Christian  church  has  before  it  to-day  is  Mormon- 
ism." —  Woman^s  Home  Missions. 

"  Many  a  sweet  girl  face  comes  to  me  as  I  write  and  seems 
to  say,  '  Tell  them  I  was  not  meant  for  this.'  These  girls  see 
Gentile  households,  the  love  of  the  one  man  for  the  one  woman, 


WITH  MISTAKEN  FAITHS  105 

and  the  woman  radiantly  happy  in  the  sole  love  of  the  father 
of  her  children.  They  are  growing  discontented  with  the  family 
life  in  which  they  were  reared.  Blessed  discontent — the  first 
step  to  better  things !  " 

'•  The  day  is  surely  coming  when  the  holy  estate  of  matri- 
mony will  be  holy  even  in  Utah,  wlien  the  Mormon  home  shall 
be  no  longer  a  breeding-place,  but  a  home  where  little  children 
grow  like  flowers  in  the  sunshine  of  happy  motherhood  and 
real  fatherhood — a  home  sanctified  by  the  presence  of  the  King 
of  Love." 

A  Christian  Endeavour  officer  in  New  York  City  became  a 
convert  to  Mormonism  and  went  to  Utah.  Returning  to  her 
Christian  faith,  she  testifies  that  "  under  the  doctrine  of  spiritual 
marriage  the  Mormons  live  lives  of  licentiousness  more  awful 
than  that  seen  among  the  most  abandoned  in  New  York  City." 

Not  long  since,  upon  entering  a  crowded  car,  I  sat  down  by  a 
woman  I  knew  to  be  one  of  the  children  of  "  Bill  "  Hickman, 
formerly  one  of  Brigham  Young's  chief  Danites,or  "  destroying 
angels."  Having  known  of  an  accident  that  cost  the  life  of  one 
of  her  brothers  I  spoke  to  her  of  it  thus : 

"  That  was  a  terrible  thing  that  happened  to  Sam." 

"  Why,  what  was  that  ?  " 

"  Sam  was  killed." 

"  Oh,  is  that  so  ?     How  did  it  happen  ?  " 

"  He  was  asphyxiated  in  a  mine  at  S " 

"  Well,  now,  is  that  so  ?  Poor  Sam  !  "  (All  this  without  a 
particle  of  show  of  feeling.) 

Resuming,  she  said,  "  You  see,  I  did  not  know  him  very  well, 
anyhow.     I  saw  him  not  over  two  or  three  times." 

"  By  the  way,  Mrs. ,  how  many  children  were  there  of 

you  ?  " 

"  Thirty-six,  twenty  girls  and  sixteen  boys ;  pa  had  six  wives, 
you  know,  and  some  or  them  had  pretty  large  families.  What 
will  you  think  when  I  tell  you  that  of  all  those  twenty  girls, 
only  two  went  to  the  bad  ?     Was  not  that  remarkable  ?  " 


106  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOREOW 

"  Considering  everything,  I  do  tliink  it  was  remarkable,"  said 
I,  and  we  changed  the  subject  of  our  conversation. —  Central 
Christian  Advocate. 

"  There  was,  of  course,  rejoicing  in  Utah  when  the  Senate  of 
the  United  States  voted  that  Mr.  Smoot  should  retain  his  seat 
as  a  member  of  that  body.  In  Provo,  the  home  of  Mr.  Smoot, 
the  students  and  faculty  of  Brigham  Young  University,  of 
which  Mr.  Smoot  is  a  trustee,  formed  a  procession  and  marched 
to  the  city  square,  headed  by  the  university  band.  They  carried 
a  coffin  supposed  to  contain  the  effigy  of  ex-Senator  Cannon, 
who  has  stood  like  a  rock  against  the  wiles  and  powers  of  the 
Mormon  hierarchy.  The  president  of  this  university  admitted 
on  the  witness  stand  in  the  Smoot  investigation  that  he  was  a 
polygamist,  as  are  several  members  of  the  board  of  trustees. 

"  This  outbreak  is  said  to  have  had  but  one  parallel  in  the 
history  of  Provo.  That  was  a  Fourth  of  July  celebration,  in 
1885,  when  an  effigy  of  Liberty  was  placed  in  a  coffin  and 
publicly  buried,  because  the  United  States  government  was  pros- 
ecuting polygamy  and  unlawful  cohabitation." 

ORIENTALS 

"  Little  grown-up  wise  ones,  all  softness  and 
circles,"  writes  a  traveller  in  California  of  the 
Chinese  babies.  And  wise,  indeed,  they  seem, 
with  an  Old-World  wisdom,  as  if  realizing  the 
shabby  reception  that  awaits  them  from  their  fel- 
low-Americans. For  Chinese  girls,  especially, 
life  in  this  country  affords  but  a  sorry  prospect. 
Most  of  them  enter  it  unwelcomed  and  unloved  ; 
they  pass  in  seclusion  and  darkness  what  should 
be  its  sunniest  days,  living  in  small,  crowded 
rooms  that  are  sweat-shops  as  well  as  dwellings, 
and  taught — almost  their  only  teaching — to  raise 


"Little     grown-up     wise     ones,     all     softness     and 
circles'" 


Of  Oriental   parentage,  but   Young  Americans — citizens  to-be 
ORIENTAL  AMERICANS 


WITH  MISTAKEN  FAITHS  107 

their  tiny  hands  in  worship  before  ancestral  tab- 
lets or  images  of  Buddha.  In  veriest  childhood 
they  are  betrothed — often  sold — to  men  who 
may  be  of  mature  years  and  are  usually  mature  in 
sin,  and  to  whom  the  wee  maidens  are  but  play- 
things of  passion,  or  slaves  of  sin  and  shame. 
And  the  masters  of  these  helpless  babes — oh,  the 
shame  of  it ! — are  often  of  our  own  blood. 

Underground  Chinatown  staggered  civilized 
America  when  the  scourge  of  earthquake  and  fire 
swept  over  it  and  exposed  its  degradation  and 
iniquity.  But  the  lesson  is  still  unlearned,  and 
to-day  the  traffic  in  Chinese  girls  is  no  less  ter- 
rible. And  the  girls  thus  bought  and  sold  in 
Christian  America  are  not  direct  imports  from 
over  seas,  except  in  occasional  cases.  They  are 
American  born,  they  are  your  sisters  and  mine, 
albeit  with  slanting  eyes  and  skin  of  a  differing 
tint.  They  will  make  up  a  part  of  the  citizenship 
of  America's  to-morrow. 

Very  different  possibilities  open  before  a 
Chinese  boy.  His  sister  may  not  be  thought 
worthy  of  a  name,  but  he  has  three — one  given 
by  his  parents,  with  sacrifices  to  the  joss  and 
much  ceremony,  when  he  is  a  month  old.  The 
second  is  bestowed  by  his  teacher  when  he  first 
goes  to  school,  and  the  third,  his  "  honourable 
name,"  is  conferred  at  the  time  of  his  marriage. 
But  however  proud  of  his  son  the  father  may  be, 
he  gives  him  little  or  no  training,  and  the  lad 


108  CITIZEIs^S  OF  TO-MOEEOW 

grows  up  self-willed  and  determined  to  have  his 
own  way  in  everything.  His  home  is  likely  to 
be  also  a  gambling  and  an  opium  den.  His 
father's  first  wife  is  probably  in  China,  and  his 
own  mother  is  a  slave,  bought  with  American 
money,  and  subject  to  the  absolute  will  and 
pleasure  of  the  father  of  her  son.  Small  chance 
have  these  young  Celestials — nay,  these  young 
Americans — for  home-training  in  morals.  And 
what  can  their  fathers  know — much  less  teach — 
of  the  duties  of  citizenship  in  a  Republic  in 
which  they  may  not  take  part  ? 

But  sadder  than  the  fate  of  these  little  ones — 
for  some  of  whom  kindergarten  and  school 
open  their  doors — is  that  of  Chinese  girls  held 
behind  bolts  and  bars  in  houses  of  prostitution, 
girls  who  were  kidnapped  in  China  and  brought 
across  the  seas  for  this  vile  purpose ;  girls  who 
were  decoyed  by  false  promises  of  marriage — 
"  picture  brides,"  who  have  seen  only  the  photo- 
graph of  the  man  to  whom  they  have  been 
"  married  "  in  China ;  or  they  may  be  Chinese- 
American  daughters  of  the  Golden  State  with 
freedom  as  their  birthright,  held  against  their  will 
and  entrapped  for  lives  of  misery  and  sin. 

Of  what  these  girls  may  become  when  rescued 
and  taught  with  Christian  love  and  care,  the 
Mission  Homes  give  eloquent  witness. 

With    the    rigid  enforcement  of  the  Chinese 


WITH  MISTAKEN  FAITHS  109 

exclusion  laws,  the  importation  of  Japanese  girls 
in  similar  ways  and  for  the  same  evil  purposes, 
received  new  impetus.  The  Chinese-Japanese 
agitation  on  the  Pacific  coast  is  comparable  only 
to  the  earthquake  shocks  that  undermined  its 
very  foundations.  But  back  of  it  all  are  Japan, 
young,  strong,  vigorous,  victorious — China  just 
waking  from  the  sleep  of  centuries — America, 
recognizing,  in  spite  of  its  surface  contradictions, 
the  brotherhood  of  men — and 

"  God  within  the  silence. 
Keeping  watch  above  His  own." 

Who  can  doubt  that  among  His  "  little  ones  " 
are  numbered  these  of  China  and  Japan,  sent 
here  by  His  providence? 

The  situation  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  closely 
resembles  that  in  the  United  States,  except  that 
the  absence  of  exclusion  laws  until  the  islands 
became  a  part  of  this  country  gave  opportunity 
for  many  Chinese  to  settle  there  and  they  have  be- 
come an  important  and  valuable  portion  of  the 
inhabitants.  Japanese,  too,  have  emigrated 
there  in  large  numbers,  and  among  them  is  the 
chief  field  of  missionary  work  at  the  present 
time.  The  needs  of  Japanese  women  and  chil- 
dren in  this  "  Paradise  of  the  Pacific "  cannot 
fail  to  make  powerful  appeal  to  Christian  hearts 
who  realize  them. 

The  Hawaiians  believe  that  when  one  is  asleep 


110  CITIZENS  OF  TO  MOEROW 

his  soul  leaves  the  body  and  goes  wandering 
away  into  empty  spaces.  Should  a  person  die 
in  his  sleep  he  becomes  homeless  forever,  and 
their  most  terrible  curse  is,  •'  May  you  die  sleep- 
ing." Alas,  if  the  American  nation,  lulled  to 
slumber  by  indifference  and  selfishness,  should 
'•  die  sleeping  "  ! 

DOES  IT  PAY? 

"  Hello,  little  man,  where  are  you  going  so  fast  ?  "  asked  a 
gentleman  of  a  tiny  Chinese  lad  who  was  running  along  the 
street. 

"  I'm  going  to  sing  Jesus,"  was  the  reply.  Back  into  the 
narrow,  dark  alleys  and  the  dark,  dingy  homes  go  the  boys  and 
girls  from  the  mission  kindergartens  still  "  singing  Jesus."  And 
still  the  promise  holds  true — "  A  little  child  shall  lead  them." 

"  Last  Friday  I  gave  a  Bible  lesson  to  the  children,  and 
as  I  finished  I  remember  thinking,  ♦  What  good  has  it  done 
them  ?  '  So  I  was  surprised  this  morning  when  little  Ah  Tup, 
who  is  only  five  years  old,  voluntarily  repeated  to  me  the  sub- 
stance of  what  I  had  told  the  children  last  Friday,  and  then 
looked  up  at  me  with  his  wide,  black  eyes  and  said,  •  I  re- 
member every  day  what  you  say.'  " 

One  of  the  girls  from  a  Mission  Home  married  a  Christian 
man ;  when  he  set  up  the  family  altar  he  made  a  vow  that  when 
he  had  acquired  a  certain  amount  of  money  in  his  business  he 
would  return  to  China  and  use  it  for  the  upbuilding  of  the 
kingdom  of  Christ  in  his  native  land.  He  did  not  forget  his 
promise.  He  returned  to  his  own  village,  built  a  chapel,  hired 
a  preacher  and  opened  a  school  for  children,  its  teacher  being 
a  girl  from  the  same  Home.  He  has  continued  this  work  for 
several  years. 

Girls  trained  in  the  Mission  Homes  are  now  Bible  readers 


WITH  MISTAKEN  FAITHS  111 

among  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  of  various  California  cities, 
as  well  as  in  China. 

In  the  rush  and  terror  of  the  escape  from  a  doomed  Mission 
Home  at  the  time  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake,  the  twenty 
or  more  Chinese  girls  who  were  old  enough  to  permit  it  were 
sent  into  the  Home  to  gather  what  each  could  snatch  of  personal 
belongings  before  taking  flight.  Later,  it  was  discovered  that 
not  one  of  them  had  failed  to  rescue  her  Bible. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS 

Mormons 

Describe  the  cartoon  of  the  Mormon  vote  and  explain  its 
meaning. 

What  was  said  in  the  Imprmement  Era  ? 

How  is  even  religious  phraseology  poisoned  for  the  mind  of 
a  Mormon  child  ? 

What  pains  do  the  Mormons  take  to  reach  and  hold  their 
young  people  ? 

Orientals 

(a)  Describe  the  life  of  a  Chinese  girl  in  this  country. 
(J>)     Of  a  Chinese  boy. 

How  and  for  what  are  Chinese  and  Japanese  girls  bought 
and  sold  in  America  ? 

What  special  field  for  mission  work  is  found  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  ? 

What  dangers  to  the  "  citizens  of  to-morrow  "  exist  among 
these  people  "  of  mistaken  faiths  "  ? 

REFERENCES 

Mormonism.  MacLain  W.  Davis.  .  .  .  The  Ways  of 
Mormons.     G.  A.  Irving.     The  Outlook,  December  29,  1906. 


112  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

The  Tragedy  of  the  Mormon  Woman.  Marion  Bonsall. 
The  Housekeeper  (Minneapolis,  Minn),  July,  1905-Feb.,  1906. 

The  Babies  of  Chinatown.  Mary  Davison.  The  Cosmo- 
politan, April,  1900. 

PROGRAM  SUGGESTIONS 

Place  pictures  on  the  map. 

If  Mormon  missionaries  have  been  in  the  vicinity  secure  per- 
sonal experiences  of  interviews  with  them. 

What  of  the  Chinese  or  Japanese  near  you — is  anything  be- 
ing done  to  lead  them  to  believe  that  the  Christian  Church 
cares  for  their  souls  ? 


"JUST  HOW 


Jesus  Christ  would  never  have  redeemed  the  world  if  He 
had  brought  His  lunch  and  gone  back  to  heaven  every  night. — 
Rev.  Dr.  Farkkurst. 

"  Dear  to  the  heart  of  the  Shepherd, 

Dear  are  the  lambs  of  His  fold. 
Some  from  the  pastures  are  straying. 

Hungry  and  helpless  and  cold. 
See,  the  Good  Shepherd  is  seeking, 

Seeking  the  lambs  that  are  lost, 
Bringing  them  in  with  rejoicing. 

Saved  at  such  infinite  cost.'' 

We  are  agitating  and  striving  more  and  more,  not  only  to 
save  the  children  from  the  wrong  kind  of  work  at  the  wrong 
time  and  under  wrong  conditions,  but  at  the  same  time  to  pre- 
pare them  for  the  right  kind  of  work  at  the  right  time  and  un- 
der right  conditions,  that  the  citizens  of  to-morrow  may  work 
for  and  be  worthy  of  the  highest  ideals  of  the  republic. — Judge 
Ben.  B.  Lindsey, 


BIBLE  LESSON 

The  Laiv  of  Service 

A  vision  appeared  to  Paul  in  the  night :  There  stood  a  man 
of  Macedonia,  and  prayed  him,  saying.  Come  over  into  Mace- 
donia and  help  us. — Acts  i6:  9. 

(It  is  no  "  vision  "  that  comes  to  the  Christian  Church  to-day. 
Our  "Macedonia"  is  across  the  seas,  but  it  is  also  in  the  home- 
land, and  from  the  snows  to  the  tropics,  under  the  flag  of  stars, 
echoes  the  pleading  call,  "  Come  over  and  help  us.") 

If  the  Syrians  be  too  strong  for  me,  then  thou  shalt  help  me ; 
but  if  the  children  of  Ammon  be  too  strong  for  thee,  then  I 
will  help  thee. — I  Chron.  19:  12. 

(It  was  the  promise  of  mutual  help  in  a  successful  battle  for 
"  our  people  and  for  the  cities  of  our  God."  How  does  it  ap- 
ply to  the  battle  waged  to-day  for  the  sake  of  to-morrow  ?) 

Ye  also  helping  together  by  prayer  for  us. — 2  Cor.  i  :  11. 
(No  one  is  precluded  from  helping,  for  "  prayer  moves  the 
Arm  that  moves  the  world.") 

Samuel  took  a  stone,  and  set  it  between  Mispeh  and  Shen, 
and  called  the  name  of  it  Eben-ezer,  saying.  Hitherto  hath  the 
Lord  helped  us. —  i  Sam.  7:  12. 

(No  other  words  so  well  express  the  deep  gratitude  of  mis- 
sionary workers  when  they  see  what  has  been  accomplished 
"  for  God  and  country."  "  He  hath  not  dealt  so  with  any  na- 
tion." "  The  Lord  hath  done  great  things  for  us,  whereof  we 
are  glad."  But  still  He  needs  our  help  to  insure  the  fulfillment 
of  the  prophecy,  "  He  hath  strengthened  the  bars  of  thy 
gates ;  He  hath  blessed  thy  children  within  thee.") 


VI 

"JUST  HOW" 

«  X""^  H,  please  let  me  go  home !     I  can't 
■        1   stay  here.     I've  tried,  truly  I've  tried, 
X^^^    and  I  can't.     Do  please  write  and  say 
I  may  go  home ! " 

Homesick — that  was  all !  And  little  wonder, 
for  the  girl  had  gone  from  a  log  cabin  in  the 
mountains  of  southwestern  Virginia  to  an  Indus- 
trial Home  in  North  CaroHna ;  had  gone  from  a 
happy-go-lucky  kind  of  hfe,  characterized  by  dis- 
regard of  much  that  we  call  civilization,  to  the 
exquisite  neatness  and  order  and  training  of  the 
home ;  from  a  place  where  there  had  been  no 
school  for  three  years  that  a  Negro  girl  could  at- 
tend, to  the  discipline  of  the  schoolroom. 
Homesick  ?  Girls  from  other  sorts  of  homes  are 
sometimes  homesick  during  their  first  days  in 
•'  boarding-school." 

The  receiver  of  the  letter  found  smiles  and 
tears  very  near  each  other  as  she  read  it.  She 
filed  it  carefully  away  and  at  the  end  of  the  year 
there  was  another  to  place  beside  it — another 
that  gave  most  emphatic  affirmative  answer  to 
the  question, "  Do  you  want  to  go  back  next  fall  ?  " 
The  teaching  and  the  training  that  were  trans- 
115 


11 G  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

forming  this  thirteen-year-old  girl,  are  repeated 
in  thousands  of  Hves  each  year.  In  our  cities, 
settlements,  day  nurseries,  free  dispensaries,  hos- 
pitals, clubs,  and  classes,  kindergartens  and  free 
baths,  fresh  air  excursions  and  Homes,  vacation 
schools,  roof  gardens,  fireside  schools,  and  many 
other  manifestations  of  the  Christ  spirit,  help  to 
develop  and  uplift  the  "  citizens  of  to-morrow." 

But  none  of  these,  nor  all  of  them,  can  do  all 
that  needs  to  be  done  to  bless  the  homes  of  the 
present  and  the  future.  For  this,  many  new  cur- 
rents of  thought  must  be  established,  new  habits 
inculcated,  new  possibilities  opened  for  hand  and 
brain.  Hence  the  wisdom  of  founding  •'  Homes 
with  a  capital  H."  Sometimes  they  are  "  farm 
schools,"  in  which  boys  and  girls  are  taught  how 
to  make  the  barren  places  "  bud  and  blossom." 
Sometimes  mechanics,  in  the  form  of  various 
trades,  gives  not  only  training  for  the  time  being 
but  occupation  for  manhood  and  womanhood. 
Sometimes  the  emphasis  is  placed  upon  home- 
making,  and  the  gentle  arts  of  housewifery,  espe- 
cially in  the  Homes  for  girls  alone.  A  descrip- 
tion of  one  of  these  will  fairly  illustrate  the  type 
known  as 

INDUSTRIAL  HOMES 

"  I  want  to  come  to  the  Industrious  Home," 
wrote  an  applicant,  and  the  name  is  no  mis- 
nomer. 


"JUST  HOW"  117 

The  day  in  the  Home  begins  early,  for  it  takes 
time  for  the  cooks  to  prepare  the  morning  meal. 
While  they  are  at  work,  other  busy  hands  must 
sweep  and  dust,  the  "  bread  girls  "  must  shape 
the  snowy  loaves  for  the  day's  baking,  the 
laundry  girls  must  begin  the  sorting  of  clothes 
for  the  wash  or  make  preparations  for  ironing. 
Bible  verses  must  be  reviewed  so  as  to  be  ready 
for  the  morning  hour  of  worship,  and  hands  and 
faces  and  clothing  must  be  made  clean  and  neat, 
not  only  for  breakfast  but  for  school. 

Here  is  a  girl  mopping  the  floor — possibly  like 
one  who  after  receiving  her  first  lesson  in  such 
work,  was  told  to  wash  the  windows.  She  went 
to  them  with  the  mop,  in  prompt  obedience. 
When  the  teacher  said,  "  Oh,  that's  not  the  way  ; 
we  don't  wash  windows  with  mops,"  the  child  re- 
plied in  self-defense,  "  How  should  I  know  ?  I 
never  was  in  a  house  before  that  had  either  a 
floor  or  windows  in  it." 

By  nine  o'clock-r-or  earlier,  if  the  school  is  not 
in  the  Home — the  house  is  in  order,  the  break- 
fast dishes  have  been  washed,  the  needful  prep- 
arations made  for  dinner,  and  ready  response  is 
given  to  the  school  bell.  The  occasional  loiterer 
or  half-hearted  worker  soon  learns  that  neglect 
of  work  brings  demerits  as  surely  as  failure  in  her 
studies,  and  wholesome  emulation  assists  the 
matron  in  her  cares. 

Dinner  and  supper  are  likewise  prepared  and 


118  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEKOW 

served  by  the  girls  of  the  Home.  Afternoon 
hours  are  spent  in  school  work,  although  recrea- 
tion is  not  forgotten.  The  evening,  to  early  bed- 
time, is  given  up,  also,  to  work  and  study.  It 
sounds  simple  enough.  But  imagine  yourself 
the  house-mother  of  forty  or  fifty  girls — many  of 
them  untrained, — expected  to  accomplish  by 
their  help  alone,  the  work  of  the  household ;  re- 
member that  table  etiquette,  personal  neatness, 
right  habits  of  living,  are  to  be  learned,  as  well  as 
housekeeping,  home-making,  cooking  and  sew- 
ing ;  and  all  in  such  a  way  that  they  may  take 
the  knowledge  back  to  their  own  homes  when 
the  too  brief  school  life  is  over,  and  there,  with- 
out antagonizing,  re-teach  the  lessons  of  the 
Mission  Home. 

The  work  must  be  kept  within  the  limits  of 
future  possibilities.  To  teach  girls  who  must  go 
back  to  bake  •'  light  bread  "  in  a  home-made  oven 
the  methods  of  using  only  a  modern  range  would 
be  mistaken  kindness.  But  they  must  learn  that 
"  they  who  begin  at  the  kitchen  generally  work 
upward,  and  get  somewhere.  The  parlour  makes 
a  poor  pivotal  point." 

Nor  must  the  spiritual  side  be  forgotten  ;  to  the 
missionary  teacher  it  is  ever  of  primary  impor- 
tance. The  evening  prayer  hour  when  the  little 
ones  of  the  Home  gather  in  the  twilight  and  lisp 
the  "  Now  I  lay  me  "  that  they  could  never  have 
learned  from  their  own  mothers  ;  the  Bible  study, 


"JUST  HOW"  119 

the  prayer  meetings  and  temperance  meetings  of 
the  Home ;  the  Sunday  services  with  their  prepara- 
tions of  baths  and  clean  clothes  ;  the  habits  of 
thrift  and  of  giving  to  be  established  ;  the  "  talks  " 
with  the  girls — often  the  most  helpful  part  of  the 
whole  training  ;  the  chidings  and  forgivings,  the 
stern  discipline  at  time,  the  patient  study  of  in- 
dividual characters  and  needs,  the  councils  with 
other  teachers,  the  temporal  things  of  the  Home 
and  its  work  for  which  the  superintendent  is  re- 
sponsible to  the  Society  she  represents,  the  re- 
ception of  parents  and  guests — when  we  think  of 
it  all  we  can  but  reverse  the  Scripture  encomium 
and  say,  "  She  hath  done  what  she  could  not  " — 
what  it  was  not  in  the  power  of  human  hands 
and  hearts  to  do.  Well  may  her  pupils  "  rise  up 
and  call  her  blessed." 

"  The  students  come  into  the  pure  atmosphere 
of  a  happy  Christian  home.  The  law  of  kind- 
ness and  obedience  is  the  natural  law  in  this,  to 
them,  charmed  spot.  Orderly  habits,  pure  lan- 
guage, the  daily  devotions,  grace  at  each  meal, 
the  study  of  the  Bible,  the  weekly  prayer-meet- 
ings, the  Sunday-school,  the  gospel  service  of 
song,  have  an  indescribable  power  to  lead  many 
into  the  Christian  life  and  a  purpose  of  useful- 
ness to  others." 

A  WORD  OF  CAUTION 
"  Please  write  a  letter  for  our  next  meeting. 


120  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

It  will  be  so  much  more  interesting  to  have  a 
letter  directly  from  the  Home."  "  Can  we  not 
have  a  letter  from  the  girl  we  are  supporting  ? 
We  would  like  to  write  her  and  to  hear  from  her 
frequently."  Requests  like  these  are  not  uncom- 
mon, but  there  is  a  "  just  how  "  for  the  workers 
at  home  as  well  as  for  those  in  the  field.  To 
comply  with  such  very  natural  wishes  is  to  add 
to  burdens  already  heavy.  A  large  proportion 
of  the  pupils  in  mission  schools  and  Homes  are 
quite  unable  to  write  letters  that  would  give  any 
real  information  to  strangers  concerning  them- 
selves or  their  progress.  To  permit  letters  to  be 
freely  sent  and  received  by  them,  is  out  of  the 
question,  for  many  reasons,  and  to  oversee  such 
correspondence  would  make  no  small  addition  to 
the  cares  of  those  in  charge.  Besides,  with  all 
the  work  and  study  that  is  expected  from  the 
pupils,  small  time  is  left  for  letter- writing.  We 
count  as  "  busy  "  the  boys  and  girls  in  our  own 
homes.  But  if  they  had  the  housework,  or  farm- 
work,  to  carry  on  at  the  same  time  with  lessons 
from  books  and  in  sewing,  cooking,  etc.,  the 
problem  of  time  would  be  still  more  serious. 
The  "  just  how  "  for  the  supporters  of  mission 
work  includes  careful  consideration  for  those  in 
the  field,  and  one  way  to  do  this  is  to  place  de- 
pendence on  the  publications  of  the  Society  for 
details  of  the  work,  always  abundant  and  of  in- 
tense interest. 


"JUST  HOW"  121 

What  this  form  of  service  means,  is  admirably- 
told  by  a  teacher  working  under  the  American 
Missionary  Association,  among  the  "  cabin  folk  " 
in  the  coves  and  narrow  valleys  of  Tennessee : 

"  Can  you  imagine  what  it  would  mean  to  you 
to  leave  a  little  one  or  two-roomed  cabin,  with 
one  window  or  with  none,  with  ventilation  and 
light  obtained  through  cracks  and  chinks  in  the 
boards,  where  you  must  tack  up  newspapers  over 
the  walls  to  keep  out  the  searching  winds ;  can 
you  imagine  what  it  would  mean  to  come  from 
such  a  home  into  neat,  airy  rooms,  whose  simple 
furnishings  seem  almost  palatial,  to  learn  to  use 
two  sheets  on  a  bed  at  one  time,  to  enjoy  a 
simple  variety  of  food  in  the  cheery  dining-room 
served  on  a  table  covered  with  a  white  cloth,  to 
find  out  the  uses  of  a  fork,  and  that  napkins  are 
an  enjoyable  substitute  for  the  back  of  the  hand, 
or  the  coat  sleeve  ?  That  is  what  it  means  to 
some  of  our  pupils  to  come  here.  Not  to  all,  by 
any  means,  for  four  or  six-roomed  cottages,  with 
windows  and  many  of  the  comforts  of  life,  are 
becoming  more  and  more  common ;  such  are 
owned  most  frequently  by  the  graduates  of  our 
school,  their  friends  and  relatives. 

"  Can  you  imagine  what  it  means  to  leave  a  little 
school  that  has  been  held  some  years  only  two 
months,  some  years  only  six  weeks,  and  whose 
best  teacher  has  never  studied  beyond  the  eighth 
grade,  whose  poorest  teacher's  chief  recommen- 


122  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

dation  is  his  ability  to  '  sit  out  the  money,'  and 
enter  our  pleasant  buildings,  where  for  eight 
months  and  a  half  a  new  world  is  spread  out  be- 
fore you  ? 

••  More  than  all,  can  you  imagine  what  it  would 
mean  to  come  from  a  community  where  church 
services  are  held  once  a  month,  where  religion  is 
considered  as  good  to  get  and  good  to  die  by, 
but  of  little  account  in  daily  life — to  come  into 
an  atmosphere  of  steady  Christian  living,  to 
attend  church  and  Sunday-school,  Christian 
Endeavour,  and  prayer-meeting  every  week,  to 
be  present  at  morning  prayers  each  day,  to 
find  that  religion  may  help  in  getting  the  lesson, 
in  doing  the  housework  ?  Do  you  wonder  that 
it  is  good  to  watch  the  steady  growth  of  Chris- 
tian character  of  the  pupil  brought  into  this 
atmosphere,  to  see  the  spirit  of  Christian  helpful- 
ness and  service  that  gradually  becomes  the 
strong  motive  in  his  life  ? 

"  It  is  a  personal  matter  to  each  one  of  you 
that  we  are  turning  out  men  and  women,  edu- 
cated, Christian  citizens  ;  that  the  young  girl  who 
was  graduated  last  year  is  willing  to  go  this  year 
into  a  little  log  cabin  turned  into  a  schoolhouse, 
fitted  up  with  rough  board  benches  and  desks,  to 
board  in  a  windowless  home,  that  she  may  help 
out  the  parents  who  are  begging  that  their  chil- 
dren be  taught,  and  who  have  done  their  best  in 
providing  for  the  school.     It  is  a  personal  matter 


''JUST  HOW"  123 

to  each  one  of  you  that  ministers,  missionaries, 
and  Christian  business  men  go  forth  from  these 
school  doors." 

Entering  the  door  of  such  a  Home  one  evening 
a  tall,  gaunt  girl  looked  around  in  amazement. 
It  was  all  very  simple — a  strip  of  rag  carpet  on 
the  floor,  some  potted  plants,  lights  that  seemed 
marvellously  brilliant  to  her  unaccustomed  eyes. 
"  Well,"  she  said,  after  a  long  pause,  "  I  done 
reckons  I'se  got  ter  heaven."  And  the  house- 
mother, whose  long  experience  had  taught  her  to 
see  with  the  eyes  of  the  girl  as  well  as  with  her 
own,  answered  gently,  "  No,  you  have  not  got  to 
heaven.  But  you've  come  where  we  try  to  show 
girls  the  way  to  heaven." 

What  becomes  of  those  educated  in  Mission 
Homes  and  schools  ?  To  answer  the  question 
one  must  needs  go  over  the  records  of  every 
mission  school  in  the  country,  and  even  then  fail 
to  gain  complete  information.  They  are  teachers 
of  sewing,  cooking,  carpentry,  tailoring,  shoe- 
making,  and  other  trades ;  they  manage  farms 
and  machine  shops,  often  their  own  property ; 
they  are  nurses,  physicians,  lawyers,  preachers, 
and  teachers  in  schools  of  all  grades  ;  they  be- 
come librarians,  matrons  of  various  institutions, 
missionaries  in  all  parts  of  their  own  country  and 
on  foreign  fields  ;  best  of  all,  and  that  for  which 
the  Homes  chiefly  exist,  they  are  true  home- 
makers,  careful,  wise  husbands  and  fathers,  true, 


124  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORKOW 

devoted  and  capable  mothers,  thus  building  up 
homes  that  are  of  untold  value  not  only  to  the 
races  that  they  represent  but  to  every  American 
citizen.  For  the  homes  of  a  nation  shape  its 
destiny,  and  the  character  of  those  homes  is  a 
prime  factor  in  the  citizenship  of  to-morrow. 

LOOKING  FORWARD 
No  greater  harm  can  be  done  to  Christendom  than  by  neg- 
lecting the  training  of  the  children,  and  to  advance  the  cause  of 
Christ  we  must  teach  and  train  them. — Martin  Luther. 

"  Ability  to  read  and  write  is  only  a  single  feature  of  the  true 
education.  A  training  is  required  that  will  make  the  man 
a  man  and  the  woman  a  woman  of  the  best  type,  resolute  for 
any  task  and  competent  for  all  required  duties." 

"  Ah,  years  to  come,  of  storm  and  stress  and  struggle  and, 
alas,  of  sin,  I  challenge  you  to  banish  from  these  plastic  hearts 
the  haunting  memory  of  that  song  [in  the  mission  school] 
«  How  beautiful  to  walk  in  the  steps  of  the  Saviour.'  " 

The  highest  duty  of  the  state  is  to  its  children.  Just  so  far 
as  we  protect  them  and  make  them  the  object  of  our  solicitude, 
just  so  far  are  we  going  to  increase  the  power,  strength  and 
wealth  of  the  state.  It  is  only  the  short-sighted  and  the  selfish 
and  those  who  live  for  to-day  thinking  not  of  the  to-morrow, 
who  refuse  to  acknowledge  this  truth. 

The  future  of  our  country  depends  a  great  deal  more  upon 
the  kind  of  children  we  are  rearing  to-day,  how  well  their  lit- 
tle bodies  are  shaped  and  their  morals  directed,  than  upon  how 
much  business  we  have  or  how  much  gold  is  yielded. — Judge 
Ben  B.  Lindsey. 

LESSONS  IN  HOME-MAKING 
"  In  Industrial  Homes  they  learn  the  dignity  of  labour ;  they 
discover  that  brains  and  skill  are  needed  in  the  commonest  acts 


''JUST  HOW"  125 

of  life ;  they  realize  that  the  simplest  vegetables  may  be  made 
savory,  the  plainest  utensils  be  the  most  useful.  As  they  pass 
from  room  to  room,  from  one  line  of  work  to  another,  that  secret 
so  often  hidden  becomes  revealed — the  vast  difference  between 
housekeeping  and  home-making.  One  is  business,  the  other 
art.  They  are  taught  to  combine  the  two,  and  while  cleaning 
up  the  cabin  and  making  it  and  all  within  it  most  healthful, 
they  also  add  the  little  touches  of  beauty  and  comfort  that  shall 
reach  the  soul,  and  transform  the  hut  into  a  home." 

It  is  not  possible  for  such  institutions  as  Hampton  and 
Tuskeegee  to  put  cooks  into  homes.  But  it  is  possible  for  us 
to  create  a  spirit  that  will  make  every  woman  feel  that  there  is 
as  much  dignity  in  cooking  as  in  teaching. — Booker  T.  IVash- 
ington. 

Hampton  Institute  has  the  honour  of  originating  a  unique 
course  in  arithmetic,  which  includes  problems  of  this  practical 
sort : 

"  If  loop  tapes  are  to  be  three  inches  long  when  finished,  are 
turned  in  one-eighth  inch  and  sewed  one-fourth  inch  below  the 
band,  how  many  inches  long  must  they  be  cut  ? 

'<  From  three  yards  of  yard-wide  material  cut  cooking  caps 
twenty-one  inches  in  diameter.     How  many  can  you  cut  ? 

"  I  wish  to  build  a  house  for  seventy-five  hens,  and  to  allow 
each  hen  ten  square  feet  of  floor  space.  If  it  is  twelve  feet 
wide,  how  long  must  it  be  ?  " 

The  following  is  the  course  in  Home-making  in  an  Industrial 
Home  in  North  Carolina : 

First  year. — Personal  neatness,  names  of  dishes  and  their 
uses;  polishing  and  care  of  silverware;  sweeping,  dusting, 
bed-making;  general  arrangement  and  care  of  sleeping-rooms ; 
plain  laundry  work. 

Second  year. — Care  of  table  and  kitchenware  ;  setting,  wait- 
ing on  and  clearing  of  table  ;  avoidance  of  disease  germs ;  food 
values  and  food  principles;  preparing  and   cooking   ofvege- 


12G  CITIZENS  OF  TO  MOREOW 

tables;  clear  starching  and  fine  laundry  work  ;  sweeping,  dust- 
ing, scrubbing,  scouring. 

Third  year. — Raising,  killing,  dressing  of  poultry  ;  care  of 
the  cow,  care  of  milk,  butter-making ;  making  of  tea,  coffee,  and 
mushes;  kinds  and  quality  of  Hour;  yeasts,  breads  and  pud- 
dings; care  of  living-rooms;  fancy  laundry  work,  curtains, 
laces,  etc. 

Fourth  year. — Choice  cooking  of  meat  and  fish ;  attractive 
ways  of  cooking  cheap  cuts  of  meat ;  soups,  sauces,  salads,  des- 
serts ;  cake  and  pastry-making  ;  preserving  of  fruit ;  cooking  for 
the  sick  and  ailing;  candy-making;  care  of  house-plants,  the 
planning  of  the  home,  its  decorations,  etc. 

"  The  mountain  region  of  the  South  is  much  of  it  rich  in 
mineral  resources,  which  are  being  developed  slowly  as  the 
railroads  penetrate  the  country.  So  far  the  miners  are  almost 
entirely  Americans,  many  of  them  being  Highlanders.  Will 
you  send  them  down  to  the  mining  towns  ignorant,  superstitious, 
with  a  religion  that  having  been  once  acquired  in  a  frenzy  at  a 
protracted  meeting,  is  of  no  further  value,  and  is  powerless  to 
help  them  meet  the  temptations  that  come  with  life  in  a  rail- 
road town,  where  they  have  more  money  than  they  ever  ex- 
pected in  their  wildest  dreams  on  the  mountainside  ?  Or  will 
you  first  give  them  knowledge  and  help  them  develop  characters 
that  will  enable  them  to  meet  and  defeat  temptation,  to  make 
right  and  wise  use  of  the  power  that  comes  into  their  hands 
with  the  possession  of  money  ?  Will  it  not  be  cheaper  in  the 
long  run  to  educate  this  generation  that  it  may  help  the  next  it- 
self, than  to  pay  the  costs  of  crime  and  vice  ?  " 

The  cultivation  of  native  industries  is  becoming  a  feature  of 
recognized  importance  among  uplifting  agencies.  The  rugs  and 
baskets  of  the  Indians,  the  homespun  linen  and  coverlets  of  the 
mountaineers,  may  be  made  factors  in  the  lessons  of  honest 
work  for  work's  sake,  the  nobility  of  labour,  and  its  value,  that 
are  no  less  important  than  those  of  books. 

Fro7n  a  missionary  teacher. — "  My  constant  cry  to  God  and 


''JUST  HOW"  127 

to  the  Negro  race  is,  '  Give  us  women ;  women  who  will  stand 
for  purity,  integrity,  godliness,  and  honour ;  women  who  will 
stand  for  home  and  all  that  it  means.'  And  I  think  God  is 
hearing  our  prayers,  for  all  over  this  state  now  I  can  go  and 
find  my  girls  who  have  been  trained  in  this  school,  married  to 
respectable  men,  raising  good  families,  standing  by  the  church 
and  the  best  interests  of  the  community  in  which  they  live." 

THE  NEEDS  OF  THE  CITY 
"  Children  small, 
Spilt  like  blots  about  the  city. 
Quay  and  street  and  palace  wall  — 
Take  them  up  into  your  pity. 

"  Ragged  children  with  bare  feet. 

Whom  the  angels  in  white  raiment 
Know  the  names  of  to  repeat 

When  they  come  on  you  for  payment." 

Said  a  visitor  to  a  deaconess  as  the  two  sat  together  over  a 
cup  of  tea  in  the  tiny  living-room  of  the  Settlement, "  How  can 
you  keep  things  in  such  exquisite  order  when  you  are  so 
cramped  for  room  ?  " 

•'  Oh,"  replied  the  cheery  little  woman,  "  that  is  an  important 
part  of  my  mission  work.  This  tidy  room  is  an  object  lesson. 
I  must  be  able  to  show  the  women  who  live  in  cramped 
quarters  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  be  untidy." 

"  Nobody  who  knows  children  supposes  that  they  are  sitting 
at  home  with  folded  hands,  particularly  when  home  means  two 
or  three  small  rooms  already  crowded  with  furniture  and  babies 
and  washtubs,  and  very  deficient  in  light  and  air.  But  what 
are  they  doing,  this  immense  army  of  school  age,  and  the  un- 
counted thousands  a  little  younger,  scarcely  out  of  babyhood, 
and  yet  old  enough  to  be  in  the  streets  ?  .  .  .  Have  they 
any  one  thing  to  do  out  of  doors  that  is  simple  and  natural  and 
healthful  ?  " 

The  wail  of  the  trained  kindergartner  has  been  answered  to 


128  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

some  extent  by  city  playgrounds  and  park  sections  given  over 
to  the  small  people  of  the  tenements.  But  take  a  walk  through 
the  tenement  regions  of  any  city,  and  answer  for  yourself  the 
pertinent  question. 

Cash  girls,  factory  girls,  shop  girls,  from  grandmother  to 
mother,  from  mother  to  daughter,  how  can  they  know  anything 
about  the  beautiful,  blessed  art  of  home-making  ?  They  had  to 
earn  their  little  wages  the  best  they  could,  with  unskilled  hands, 
"  to  help  along,"  till  they  were  married.  Then  a  work  was 
thrust  upon  them  from  which  an  angel  might  well  stand  back 
abashed. — Mrs.  jfen7iie  Fowler  IVilliug. 

Said  a  friendly  visitor  in  a  poor  home,  to  the  mother: 
"  Are  you  not  afraid  your  little  girls  will  grow  up  to  find  other 
places  more  attractive  than  the  home,  and,  still  worse,  to  let 
their  own  homes  some  day  be  the  untidy  reflection  of  this  ?  " 
(The  mother  had  just  apologized  for  the  dirt  and  disorder, 
though  she  had  no  legitimate  excuse  to  offer. ) 

"  I  never  thought  of  that,"  she  exclaimed.  "  To  tell  the 
truth,  I  had  no  training  at  home.  I  went  to  work  in  a  factory 
when  I  was  fourteen,  and  I  didn't  know  anything  about  house- 
keeping when  I  was  married  at  seventeen.  There's  been  no 
one  to  teach  me.  I  don't  wonder  that  my  husband  doesn't  like 
to  stay  at  home  !  I  wish  I  could  learn  now." —  Woman's  Home 
Missions. 

"  ONE  COUNTRY " 

•'  We  give  our  heads  and  our  hearts  to  our  country." 
It  was  a  chorus  of  child  voices  that  spoke  the  great  words. 
The  children  stood  in  long  rows  between  the  desks  of  a  city 
schoolroom,  hands  firmly  at  sides,  heads  erect,  shoulders 
squared  in  a  gallant  endeavour  to  present  a  soldierly  appear- 
ance to  an  admiring  world. 

But  the  real  soldier  was  the  tiniest  boy  of  all.  We  knew  he 
was  the  real  soldier  because  he  carried  the  flag.  He  stood 
high  on  a  table  facing  the  others  and  he  was  proud  to  have 
been  chosen  to  that  exalted  position,  so  he  stood  even  straighter 


"JUST  HOW"  129 

than  the  rest  and  gripped  the  staff  of  his  flag  with  a  noble 
zeal. 

They  were  such  dots  of  children,  all  of  them.  None  had 
lived  more  than  five  or  six  years  in  this  strange  world,  and  most 
had  lived  even  less  in  this  strange  country.  One  little  Russian 
had  come  off  the  ship  only  yesterday,  and  her  puzzled  eyes 
sought  continual  answer  to  silent  questions  while  her  sturdy 
little  hands  and  feet  imitated  the  motions  of  the  child  in  front. 
There  were  Giovani  and  Beatrice  and  Francesco  and  Maria 
and  Simon  and  Abram,  all  with  dark  eyes  and  foreign  faces,  all 
quiet  and  obedient,  perhaps  a  little  timid,  many  still  struggling 
with  the  strange  English  words  which  were  spoken  to  them 
and  which  they  must  speak  in  reply.  I  do  not  think  you  could 
have  found  a  William  or  a  Mary  among  them,  or  even  a  Patrick 
or  a  Honora.  They  were  children  of  alien  races,  and  alien 
tongues. 

"  Now,"  said  the  teacher,  "  ready  !  "  And  the  little  soldier 
stood  straighter  than  ever. 

"  We  give  our  heads  and  our  hearts  to  our  country,"  came 
the  clear,  measured  chorus.  Little  fingers  touched  first  the 
brows,  and  then — alas ! — their  obtrusive  little  stomachs.  "  One 
country,  one  language,  one  flag." 

The  tiny  soldier  waved  his  starry  banner  and  all  heads  bowed 
low  in  salute.  The  little  alien  children  are  aliens  no  longer, 
but  Americans.  And  they  themselves  sign  their  seal  and  adop- 
tion by  the  salute  to  the  flag.  .  .  .  We  must  hasten  the 
more — we  who  love  our  country — and  would  see  its  traditions 
perpetuated  and  its  work  in  the  world  fulfilled — to  take  this 
wealth  of  raw  material  that  is  being  daily  poured  out  upon  our 
shores  and  mould  it  while  it  is  still  pliable,  into  a  noble  and 
useful  race. —  The  Congregationalist. 

THE  WORK  OF  HOME  MISSIONS 
In  the  Talmud  we  are  told  that  when  Moses  was  to  receive 
the  law  of  God  from  his  people  the  Almighty  demanded  host- 
age.    Moses  offered  first  the  patriarchs,  saying,  "  We  are  de- 
scendants of  Isaac  and  Abraham.     Are  we  not  worthy  of  the 


130  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

Law  Divine  ?  "     But  the  Almighty  refused  to  receive  them  as 
hostage. 

Then  Moses  offered  the  prophets,  saying,  "We  have  cer 
tainly  produced  great  men.  Are  we  not  worthy  of  the  Law 
Divine  ?  "  But  the  Almighty  rejected  these  also,  as  insufficient 
security. 

Then  Moses  presented  the  children  of  his  people,  and  there- 
upon God  granted  him  the  law. 

The  sense  of  this  parable  is  plain.  No  nation  can  live  on 
its  past.  The  crown  of  America  is  certainly  studded  with 
precious  gems — the  great  deeds  and  the  great  value  of  the  genera- 
tions that  were,  whose  children  we  are.  But  the  past  is  not 
sufficient.  No  nation  can  live  alone  on  its  glorious  patriots, 
though  its  great  men  are  proofs  of  its  vitality.  America  has 
produced  great  men,  men  of  great  thoughts,  of  deep  purposes, 
who  sang  and  spoke  in  tones  that  might  stir  the  world  to  its 
best.  But  the  nation  that  has  produced  these  great  men  cer- 
tainly  must  not  construe  this  production  into  a  right  now  to 
forget  its  duty  to  humanity. 

The  nation  that  loves  children  and  allows  its  children  to 
grow  up  as  children  should,  with  minds  trained,  souls  purified, 
and  bodies  kept  in  vigour — children  that  are  protected  in  their 
childhood,  under  their  parents'  authority,  and  made  to  know 
what  respect  and  obedience  imply — that  nation  receives  from 
God  the  Law  of  Life,  that  nation  will  endure. — Rabbi  Emil 
G.  Hirsch. 

A  Bit  of  Experience. — "  I  had  heard  about  missionary  work, 
of  course,  from  the  time  I  was  a  wee  child  in  the  primary 
department  of  the  Sunday-school.  It  meant  to  me  the  giving 
of  my  pennies  monthly,  the  hearing  of  missionary  stories 
from  the  platform,  the  learning  of  missionary  recitations  and 
songs — all  this  in  an  abstract,  general  kind  of  way,  that  had  in 
it  nothing  personal.  But  once  on  a  time  a  new  minister  came 
to  the  church,  and  one  day  '  we  girls '  were  invited  to  spend  an 
afternoon  with  the  '  mistress  of  the  manse.'  I  realized  then, 
and  for  the  first  time,  that  missionary  work  meant  something  on 


<' JUST  HOW"  131 

this  side  of  the  oceans  as  well  as-  across  them.  For  the  first 
time,  I  recognized  girls,  wlaie  and  black,  Indian  girls  amid 
the  ignorance  and  degradation  of  their  wigwams  and  pueblos, 
Alaskan  girls  beset  with  dangers  from  which  I  was  blessedly 
spared,  girls  of  tenement  houses  in  the  city  slums,  as  my  sisters. 
Then  and  there,  although  I  did  not  realize  what  it  might  mean 
in  the  future,  I  gave  myself  to  the  work  of  home  missions." 

Fond  fathers  bequeath  their  business  interests  to  trusted  sons, 
and  loving  mothers  commit  precious  heirlooms  and  priceless 
personal  belongings  to  the  daughters  who  bear  their  likeness, 
sustained  by  the  thought  that  they  will  at  least  be  remembered 
in  the  homes  that  they  are  leaving. 

Bits  of  fine  embroidery,  choice  pieces  of  rare  old  lace,  fine 
cameos,  curiously  wrought  chains,  and  precious  rings,  keep  the 
donor  constantly  in  the  mind  of  the  one  who  receives  them  as 
gifts.  In  the  attics  of  the  olden  time  there  are  hair-covered 
trunks  filled  with  the  curious,  substantial  finery  of  our  great- 
grandmothers,  and  the  personal  traits  of  these  shadowy  ancestors 
who  once  adorned  their  home  life  with  youthful  beauty  and 
grace  are  revived  in  tender  reminiscences  as  these  heirlooms 
are  brought  forth  to  deck  the  festivities  of  modern  youth,  or 
to  add  support  to  the  wardrobe  of  present-day  needs. 

The  young  women  of  our  churches  ought  to  realize  what  a 
noble  inheritance  is  being  accumulated  for  them  by  the  conse- 
crated hearts,  heads  and  hands  of  the  Woman's  Home  Mis- 
sionary societies.  The  majestic  march  of  these  societies  leads 
among  the  Indians  and  Mexicans,  across  Utah,  into  the  sections 
of  the  Orient  in  America,  up  to  Alaska,  down  to  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico,  along  prairie  reaches  and  into  mountain  defiles, 
and  all  the  fine  property  that  they  have  accumulated,  their 
Training-schools,  Industrial  Homes  and  Schools,  their  Missions, 
Hospitals,  and  Deaconess  Homes,  are  to  be  handed  down  to 
the  care  of  the  young  womanhood  of  to-day. 

If  mother's  lace  and  jewels  are  precious  in  the  eyes  of  the 
daughter,  how  much  more  precious  to  the  Christian  girl  will  be 
the  marvellous  institutions  for  Christian  work  that  the  mother- 


132  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

society   lias   so  wonderfully   established   and   for  which  it  so 
beautifully  cares. — Mrs.  C.  IV.  Gallagher. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS 

Name  various  agencies  that  are  helping  to  uplift  the  "citizens 
of  to-morrow." 

Describe  a  morning  in  an  Industrial  Home. 

Describe  the  work  of  the  house-mother  in  such  a  Home. 

How  are  its  students  fitted  to  be  leaders  in  church  and  so- 
ciety as  well  as  home-makers  ? 

What  are  the  results  of  such  teaching  and  training  ? 

What  bearing  has  Home  Missionary  work  on  the  future  of 
our  country  ? 

PROGRAM  SUGGESTIONS 
Prepare  sheets  or  a  panel  of  pictures  illustrative  of  an  In- 
dustrial Home  and  the  development  of  its  pupils.  Show,  first, 
a  child  before  entering  the  Home,  and  its  environment.  Follow 
this  with  pictures  descriptive  of  the  work  of  the  Home — sewing 
and  cooking  classes,  schoolrooms,  etc.  If  possible,  present  a 
later  picture  of  the  same  child  after  receiving  the  training  of 
the  Home. 


"MY  BROTHER'S  KEEPER" 


For  a'  that  and  a'  that, 
It's  coming  yet  for  a'  that, 
That  man  to  man  the  vvarld  o'er 
Shall  brothers  be  for  a'  that. 

— Sums. 


T 


VII 

"  MY  BROTHER'S  KEEPER  " 

(  To  be  read  in  Auxiliary  or  Circle  meeting) 

HE  traveller  in  a  Pullman  car  on  an 
express  train  knows  whether  the  fields 
that  he  passes  so  rapidly  are  waste 
land,  or  tilled,  whether  the  fences  are  well  kept 
up,  or  in  ruins,  whether  the  weeds  and  bushes 
crowd  them,  or  the  thrifty  farmer  has  cultivated 
the  land  to  its  borders.  He  may  not  be  able  to 
make  the  chemical  analyses  required  to  deter- 
mine the  exact  nature  of  the  soil,  or  the  crops 
to  which  it  is  best  adapted,  but  if  seeking  where 
he  may  invest  money  in  farming  lands  to  the 
best  advantage,  he  will  be  guided — at  least  to 
the  extent  of  making  further  inquiries — by  the 
glimpses  caught  from  the  car  windows. 

To  learn  all  about  the  "  citizens  of  to-morrow  " 
who  are  the  boys  and  girls  and  the  young  people 
of  to-day,  would  be  impossible  in  the  rapid 
survey  afforded  by  a  single  book.  But  surely 
the  glimpses  that  have  been  given  cannot  fail  to 
lead  to  further  inquiry. 

The  warm-hearted,  impulsive  Spanish  girls 
and  boys,  those  with  still  darker  skins  who  are 
135 


136  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOREOW 

looking  out  with  troubled  questionings  upon  the 
future,  the  children  and  youth  in  igloos  and 
barabaras  who  "  have  not  so  much  as  known  " 
that  life  holds  anything  better  than  they  have 
seen,  the  •'  funny  little  people  with  eyes  cut  bias  " 
who  are  yet  Americans,  the  young-old  children 
of  toil,  the  throngs  in  city  streets  who  know 
nothing  of  church  or  Sunday-school, — all  of 
these  are  a  part  of  "  we,  the  people,"  whether  we 
wish  it,  or  not.     What  shall  we  do  with  them  ? 

The  question  must  first  take  another  form — 
"  What  shall  we  ^o  for  them  ?  "  And  this  makes 
it  a  matter  of  personal  responsibility,  a  duty 
resting  upon  every  Christian  heart. 

The  seal  of  the  Loyal  Temperance  Legion  has 
as  its  central  figure  the  Madonna  of  the  Chair, 
her  eyes  filled  with  the  tender  love  and  awe 
of  motherhood.  In  her  arms  is  the  wondrous 
Child,  and  behind  her  is  the  cross,  emblem  of 
our  faith  and  hope,  draped  with  the  stars  and 
stripes  of  our  fatherland.  Oh,  Christian  woman- 
hood, American  womanhood,  what  are  you  do- 
ing to  hasten  the  time  when  every  mother  in 
our  land  shall  clasp  her  babe  to  her  heart  in 
solemn  thankfulness  and  joyful  trust,  beneath  the 
shadow  of  the  cross  and  under  the  star-gemmed 
banner  of  a  country  purified  and  redeemed  ? 
What  are  you  doing  for  these  other  mothers,  so 
ignorant  and  helpless  ?  Untrained  themselves, 
how  can  they  train  their  children  ? 


"Little    papoose — he    'Merican    boy.       Who    will    teach    him    the 
'Jesus  road'  ?" 

LITTLE    I'Al'OOSE 


''MY  BROTHER'S  KEEPER"         137 

Side  by  side  with  your  own  these  children  will 
walk  in  the  day  so  soon  to  dawn,  the  day  when 
your  great  heart  of  mother-love  can  no  longer 
shelter  its  beloved.  Tenderly  you  guide  your 
own  past  pitfalls  that  wait  their  every  footstep. 
What  of  the  dangers  of  to-morrow  ?  Which  is 
wiser,  to  teach  your  children  to  recognize  the 
poison-weeds  that  grow  on  every  hand  and  leave 
to  them  the  task  of  extermination,  or  to  join 
labour  with  teaching  now,  and  thus  make  safer 
paths  for  all  feet  by  and  by  ? 

In  spite  of  our  best  efforts,  not  all  the  weeds 
will  be  rooted  up  while  we  are  privileged  to  help. 
Does  not  this  fact  create  still  another  obligation 
— that  of  giving  to  your  own  the  knowledge  that 
you  possess,  and  training  them  not  only  to  recog- 
nize the  weeds  but  to  help  now  in  exterminating 
them  ?  Where  are  we  to  look  for  the  missionary 
workers  of  to-morrow  ?  Is  it  not  the  duty  of 
every  mother  who  sees  the  need  of  home  mis- 
sions to  teach  her  children  to  see,  also,  and  to 
help  for  love's  sweet  sake?  In  every  denomina- 
tion there  is  opportunity  for  the  enrollment  of 
the  children  and  young  people  for  active  mis- 
sionary service.  Are  your  sons,  your  daughters, 
thus  enrolled?  Have  you  prayed  that  they 
might  know  and  love  the  cause  of  home  mis- 
sions— nay,  the  cause  of  missions,  for  "  the 
world  is  very  small,  and  the  arms  of  love  and 
faith  encircle  it"?     Alas,  if  the  Master  should 


138  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

say,  "  Inasmuch  as  ye  did  it  not — ye  did  it  not 
to  Me." 

In  the  early  dawn  of  time  two  young  men 
stood  side  by  side.  As  boys  they  had  played 
together — for  play  is  the  birthright  of  childhood, 
and  was  not  lost  with  Eden.  At  the  same 
mother's  knee  they  had  learned  to  worship  One 
of  whom  she  told  them.  One  who  had  "  walked 
in  the  garden  in  the  cool  of  the  day."  The  first 
sons  of  humanity,  they  bore  the  burden  of  its 
first  sin,  a  seed  whose  fruit  was  jealousy  and 
fratricide. 

Was  it,  perhaps,  the  first  time  that  Cain  had 
heard  the  Voice  that  questioned,  "  Where  is  thy 
brother  ? "  Did  the  earth  tremble  with  the 
shock  of  the  first  falsehood  uttered  by  human 
lips  as  Cain  replied,  "  I  know  not.  Am  I  my 
brother's  keeper?" 

The  question  has  sounded  down  the  ages.  It 
is  spoken  to-day,  in  sincere  inquiry  as  well  as 
with  indifference,  by  the  young  people  of  our 
churches. 

Oh,  young  men,  young  women,  you  who 
gather  in  Christian  churches  and  Sunday-schools, 
who  have  your  Leagues,  your  societies  of  Chris- 
tian Endeavour,  your  Young  Men's  and  Young 
Women's  Christian  Associations — listen  !  They 
are  going  down  to  death,  they  are  growing  up 
in    ignorance  and  sin,  brothers  and  sisters    of 


''MY  BROTHEE'S  KEEPER"         139 

yours !  Through  them  does  the  Master  say, 
"  The  voice  of  thy  brother's  blood  crieth  unto 
Me  from  the  ground  "  ? 

You  who,  standing  on  Hfe's  threshold,  seeing 
before  you  the  days  to  come,  bright  with  the 
sunlight  of  glorious  hope,  ask  yourselves  where 
you  can  best  invest  your  lives  •'  for  God  and 
country " — listen !  Do  you  hear  them  call, 
these  brothers  and  sisters  of  yours — calling  by 
their  ignorance,  their  superstition,  their  utmost 
need — calling  in  the  name  of  Him  whose  you 
are  and  whom  you  are  pledged  to  serve  ? 

Can  you  do  better  with  your  lives  than  to  give 
them  as  He  gave — for  others?  Give  them  by 
your  prayers,  give  them  by  the  money  that  you 
may  receive  from  Him,  give  them  by  giving 
yourselves  that  these  others  may  have  a  chance  ? 

Will  it  be  nothing  to  you  to  hear  as  you  look 
over  the  battlements  of  heaven,  the  cries  of  the 
redeemed  who  say,  "  We  are  coming  !  We  are 
coming !  The  light  of  the  morning  is  in  our 
faces,  the  vigour  of  true,  pure  manhood  and 
womanhood  in  our  veins.  We  are  coming, 
America's  hope,  America's  salvation ! " 

As  these  words  are  written,  the  echo  of  the 
Easter  bells  is  still  ringing.  "  He  is  risen.  He  is 
risen  !  "  they  say.  Is  He  risen,  indeed,  in  our 
hearts  and  lives  ?  Is  He  a  living  Presence,  im- 
pelling us  to  service  for  these  others.  His  little 
ones,  who,  without  our  help,  may  have  no  chance 


140  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOKEOW 

to  hear  the  Easter  story,  or  know  the  Easter  joy  ? 
Oh,  young  people  of  our  churches,  what  does 
the  resurrection  of  the  Christ  mean  to  you? 


The  lilies  are  pure  in  their  pallor,  the  roses  are  fragrant  and 
sweet, 

The  music  pours  out  like  a  sea-wave,  breaking  in  praise  at  His 
feet. 

Pulsing  in  passionate  praises  that  Jesus  is  risen  again, 

But  wc  watch  for  the  signs  of  His  living  in  the  life  of  the  chil- 
dren of  men. 

Wherever  the  soul  of  a  people,  arising  in  courage  and  might, 
Bursts  forth  from  the  wrongs  that  have  shrouded  its  hope  in  the 

gloom  of  the  night, 
Wherever  in  sight  of  God's  legions  the  armies  of  evil  recede. 
And  truth  wins  a  soul  or  a  kingdom,  the  Master  is  risen  indeed! 

So  fling  out  your  banners,  brave  toilers !     Bring  lilies  to  altar 

and  shrine, 
Ring  out,  Easter  bells,  He  is  risen,  for  thee  is  the  token  and 

sign. 
There's  a  world  moving  sunward  and  Godward,  ye  are  called 

to  the  front,  ye  must  lead ! 
Behind  are  the  grave  and  the  darkness.     The  Master  is  risen 

indeed ! 

— Mary  Lowe  Dickinson. 


STATISTICAL  TABLES 

(  Work  of  the  Woman's  Home  Missionary  Societies') 


"  Here's  to  the  Cause  and  the  years  that  have  passed ! 
Here's  to  the  Cause,  it  will  triumph  at  last ! 
The  End  shall  illumine  the  hearts  that  have  braved 
All  the  years  and  the  fears  that  the  Cause  might  be  saved. 
And  though  what  we  hoped  for  and  darkly  have  groped  for 

Come  not  in  the  manner  we  prayed  that  it  should, 
We  shall  gladly  confess  it,  and  the  Cause — may  God  bless  it! 

Shall  find  us  all  worthy  who  did  what  we  could," 


STATISTICAL  TABLES 

(  IVork  of  the  Woman'' s  Home  Jilissionary  Societies) 

FOR  lack  of  space,  much  of  the  work  done 
for  young  people  by  the  several  home 
missionary  societies  of  women — as  on 
home  mission  stations,  by  deaconesses,  etc., — can- 
not be  enumerated  here.  To  give  detailed  de- 
scriptions of  work  would  not  only  be  contrary 
to  the  purpose  of  this  book,  but  would  duplicate 
information  in  earlier  volumes  of  the  Home  Mis- 
sion Study  Course,  and  in  those  yet  to  be  issued. 
The  lists  that  follow  are  of  work  for  young  people 
alone,  so  far  as  it  has  been  possible  to  classify  in 
this  manner.  The  numbers  in  parenthesis  indi- 
cate the  sums  required  for  annual  scholarships. 

BAPTIST 

Woman's    American    Baptist   Home   Mission 

Society.     Corresponding  Secretary,  Mrs.  M.   C. 

Reynolds,  No.  5  loTremont Temple, Boston,  Mass. 

Alaskans. 

Kadiak  Baptist  Orphanage,  Kadiak,  Alaska. 

Indians. 
Indian  University,  Bacone.  Oklahoma. 
Murrow  Indian  Orphans'  Home,  Atoka,  Okla- 
homa. 
Wichita    Baptist    Mission,  Anardarko,  Okla- 
homa. 

143 


144  CITIZENS  OP  TO-MORROW 

Elk  Creek  Mission,  Hobart,  Oklahoma. 

Arapahoe  Mission,  Watonga,  Oklahoma. 

Crow  Indian  Mission,  Lodge  Grass,  Montana. 

Two  Gray  Hills  Mission,  Crozier,  New  Mexico. 
Negroes. 

Spelman  Seminary,  Atlanta,  Georgia. 

Mather  School,  Beaufort,  South  Carolina. 

Hartshorn  Memorial  College,  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Americus  Institute,  Americus,  Georgia. 

Waters     Normal     Institute,    Winton,    North 
Carolina. 

Coleman  Academy,  Gibsland,  Louisiana. 

Jackson  College,  Jackson,  Mississippi. 

Arkansas  Baptist  College,  Little  Rock,  Ar- 
kansas 

Spatiish. 

International  School,  Monterey,  Mexico. 

.     .     .     City  of  Mexico,  Mexico. 

Echo  Mission,  Velarde,  New  Mexico. 

Women's  Baptist  Home  Missionary  Society, 
Corresponding  Secretary,  Miss  M.  G.  Burdette, 
No.  2421  Indiana  Avenue,  Chicago,  111. 

This  society  is  largely  engaged  in  educational 
work.  It  supports  three  kindergartens ;  for 
Mexican  children  in  Puebla,  Mexico  ;  for  Chinese 
children  in  Portland,  Ore. ;  a  kindergarten,  pri- 
mary school,  and  school  of  higher  grade,  for 
Chinese  children  in  Oakland,  Cal. 


STATISTICAL  TABLES  145 

In  schools  for  Indians  there  are  five  repre- 
sentatives of  the  society,  and  in  schools  for 
negroes  thirteen  who  are  "  school  mothers," 
giving  a  mother's  care  and  attention  to  the  de- 
velopment of  the  young  men  and  women  under 
their  charge,  including  teaching  along  various 
industrial  lines. 

CONGREGATIONAL 

National  Federation  of  Woman's  Congrega- 
tional State  Home  Missionary  Organizations. 
President,  Mrs.  B.  W.  Firman,  No.  1012  Iowa 
Street,  Oak  Park,  111. 

The  various  state  missionary  organizations  of 
women  do  their  work  on  the  mission  field  through 
the  National  Missionary  Societies  of  the  denomi- 
nation. They  contribute  to  every  department  of 
the  field  of  the  American  Missionary  Associa- 
tion, among  the  Negroes  and  the  Mountaineers, 
North  American  Indians,  Eskimo,  Chinese  and 
Japanese  in  California  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
and  in  Porto  Rico.  There  are  ninety-four  schools 
in  whose  work  they  largely  assist.  The  average 
cost  per  year  to  a  student  in  one  of  these  schools 
is  ;^ioo. 

The  purpose  of  the  work  is  to  develop  self- 
supporting,  intelligent.  Christian  manhood  and 
womanhood  and  such  loyalty  to  American 
principles  of  government  as  shall  insure  useful 
citizens. 


146  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MORROW 

LUTHERAN 

Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary- 
Society  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church. 
Corresponding  Secretary,  Mrs.  K.  B.  Shaffer, 
Delaware,  O. 

The  home  mission  work  of  this  society  is  "  the 
establishment  of  missions,  building  of  churches, 
etc."  It  has  not  started  distinctive  schools  or 
Homes  for  young  people. 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL 
Woman's  Home  Missionary  Society.     Corre- 
sponding   Secretary,    Mrs.    Deha    L.   Williams, 
Delaware,  O. 

Alaskans  (;^7o). 
Jesse  Lee  Home,  Unalaska,  Alaska. 

Chinese  ($yo  ;  Kindergarten,  ;^I5). 
.     .     .     San  Francisco,  California. 

Indians  (^50). 
.     .     .     Farmington,  New  Mexico. 
Stickney  Home,  Lynden,  Washington. 
Japanese  and  Koreatt  {$70;  Kindergarten,  ^15). 
Ellen  Stark  Ford  Home,  San  Francisco. 
Susannah  Wesley  Home,  Honolulu,  Hawaiian 
Islands. 

Mormons. 
The    society    has    schools    at    Spring    City, 
Moroni  and   Elsinore,  Utah. 

Moimtaineers  (;^50). 
Rebecca  McCleskey  Home,  Boaz,  Alabama. 


STATISTICAL  TABLES  147 

Bennett  Home,  Clarkson,  Mississippi. 
Ebenezer  Mitchell  Home,  Cedar  Valley,  North 

Carolina  (P.  O.,  Lenoir). 
Elizabeth  Ritter  Home,  Athens,  Tennessee. 

Negroes  (^50). 

Adeline  Smith  Home,  Little  Rock,  Ar- 
kansas, 

Thayer  Home,  South  Atlanta,  Georgia  (Kin- 
dergarten, $\<S). 

Haven  and  Mary  Haven  Homes,  Savannah, 
Georgia. 

Boylan  Home,  Jacksonville,  Florida. 

Ingraham  Settlement,  West  Jacksonville, 
Florida. 

Emerson  Home,  Ocala,  Florida. 

E.  L.  Rust  Home,  Holly  Springs,  Mississippi. 

Allen  Home,  Asheville,  North  Carolina. 

Kent  Home,  Greensboro,  North  Carolina. 

Matthew  Simpson  Home,  Orangeburg,  South 
Carolina. 

Browning  Home,  Camden,  South  Carolina. 

New  Jersey  Home,  Morristown,  Tennessee. 

King  Home,  Marshall,  Texas. 

Eliza  Dee  Home,  Marshall,  Texas. 

Spanish  ($70). 
.     .     .     Tucson,  Arizona. 
Frances  De  Pauw  Home,  Los  Angeles,  Cali- 
fornia. 


148  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

Harwood     Industrial     School,    Albuquerque, 

New  Mexico. 
.     .     .     Duke,  New  Mexico  (;^5o). 
George   O.  Robinson   Orphanage,  San  Juan, 

Porto  Rico  (^40). 
McKinley  Kindergarten,  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico 

(^15). 
Homes  for  Homeless  Children ,  mid  Christian 

Settlements. 
Cunningham,  Urbana,  Illinois. 
Mothers'  Jewels,  York,  Nebraska  (^50). 
Watts  de  Peyster,  Tivoli,  New  York  (S70). 
Elizabeth  A.   Bradley,  Hulton,  Pennsylvania 

(P.  O.,  Oakmont). 
Elizabeth  E.  Marcy  Home,  Chicago,  Illinois. 
Glenn  Home,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

WOMAN'S  HOME  MISSION  SOCIETY 
Methodist    Episcopal    Church,  South.     Corre- 
sponding Secretary,  Mrs.  R.  W.  MacDonell, 
Nashville,  Tenn. 

Cubans  {^$\0<S). 
Wolff  School,  Ybor  City  (Tampa)  Florida. 
West  Tampa,  Tampa,  Florida. 
Ruth  Hargrove  Seminary,  Key  West,  Florida. 

Italians. 
Italian  Day  School,  Tampa,  Florida. 
Italian  Night  School,  Tampa,  Florida. 

Japanese,  Chinese,  Koreans  (^100). 
Chinese  Night  School,  Los  Angeles,  California. 


STATISTICAL  TABLES  149 

Japanese  School  and  Home,  Alameda,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Japanese  School  and  Home,  Oakland,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Korean  School  and  Home,  San  Francisco, 
California. 

Mountaineers  (;$I00). 
Sue  Bennett  School,  London,  Kentucky. 
Brevard  Institute,  Brevard,  North  Carolina. 
Greenville  Orphans'  Home,  Greenville,  Ten- 
nessee. 

Friendless  Girls  (^loo). 
Vashti      Home     and     School,     Thomasville, 
Georgia. 

Rescue  School  and  Home  (;^ioo). 
Ann  Browder  Cunningham  School  and  Home, 
Dallas,  Texas. 

Negroes  (;^ioo). 
Paine  Annex,  Augusta,  Georgia. 

Wesley  Houses  (Christian  Settlements). 
Atlanta,  Georgia. 
Dallas,  Texas. 
Galveston,  Texas. 
Louisville,  Kentucky. 
Mobile,  Alabama. 
Nashville,  Tennessee. 
St.  Louis,  Missouri. 


150  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOKEOW 

PRESBYTERIAN. 

Woman's  Board  of  Home  Missions.  Corre- 
sponding Secretary,  Mrs.  Ella  A.  Boole,  No,  156 
Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City, 

Alaskans. 
Training  School,  Sitka,  Alaska. 

hidians. 
Mary    Gregory   Memorial,   Anadarko,   Okla- 
homa. 
D wight  Industrial  School,  Marble,  Oklahoma, 
Elm  Spring,  Welling,  Oklahoma. 
Henry  Kendall  College,  Muskogee,  Oklahoma. 
Nuyaka  (P.  O.,  Okmulgee),  Oklahoma, 
Tucson,  Arizona, 
North  Fork,  California. 
Wolf  Point,  Montana. 
Jewett  School,  Jewett,  New  Mexico. 
Good  Will,  Good  Will,  South  Dakota. 

Mormons. 
New  Jersey  Academy,  Logan,  Utah, 
Wasatch  Academy,  Mt,  Pleasant,  Utah. 
Collegiate  Institute,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 
Hungerford  Academy,  Springville,  Utah, 
Twenty-one  day  schools. 

Mountaineers. 
Harlan,  Kentucky, 

Brown  Memorial  School,  Mt.  Vernon,  Ken- 
tucky. 


STATISTICAL  TABLES  151 

Normal   and    Collegiate    Institute,   Asheville, 
North  Carolina. 

Home    Industrial    School,   Asheville,   North 
Carolina. 

Farm  School,  North  Carolina. 

Laura  Sunderland  Memorial,  Concord,  North 
Carolina. 

Borland  Institute,  Hot  Springs,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Lawson,  West  Virginia. 

Thirty-two  day  schools. 

Porto  Rico  and  Cuba. 

Twelve  day  schools. 

Spa7iish. 

Los  Angeles,  California. 

Menaul  School,  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico. 

Allison  School,  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico. 

Twenty-four  day  schools. 

PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL 
The  Woman's  Auxiliary  to  the  Board  of  Mis- 
sions.    Corresponding  Secretary,  Miss   JuUa   C. 
Emery,   No.    281    Fourth   Avenue,  New  York 
City. 

The  work  of  the  woman's  auxiliary  is  so 
united  with  that  of  the  General  Board  of  Mis- 
sions, that  it  is  impossible  to  separate  them.  The 
missionary  society  of  this  church  works  in  all 
home  missionary  fields,  and  receives  loyal  sup- 
port from  the  women  of  the  church. 


152  CITIZENS  OF  TO-MOEROW 

REFORMED  CHURCH  IN  AMERICA 
Women's     Executive    Committee,    Board    of 
Domestic    Missions.     Corresponding    Secretary, 
Mrs.  John  S.  Allen,  No.  25  East  Twenty-second 
Street,  New  York  City. 

Hope  College,  Holland,  Michigan  (^50). 
Wisconsin  Memorial  Academy,  Cedar  Grove, 

Wisconsin  ($40). 
Northwestern  Classical  Academ}',  Orange  City, 

Iowa  (;$40). 
Academy,  Harrison,  South  Dakota  ($40). 

Indians. 

Religious  work  among  the  pupils  of  the  Seger 
Indian  School,  Colony,  Oklahoma. 

Orphanage  for  Indian  Children  (^^30  and  ;^5o), 
and  day  scholars  (^25),  Fort  Sill,  Oklahoma. 

Religious  work  among  the  pupils  of  the  Gov- 
ernment School,  Comanche  Reservation, 
Oklahoma. 

Motintaincers. 

Boarding  School  (^60). 

Day  School  (^10),  McKee,  Kentucky, 

Day  School  (^10),  Gray  Hawk,  Kentucky. 

UNITED  EVANGELICAL  CHURCH 
Woman's  Board  of  Missions.     Corresponding 
Secretary,  Mrs.  W.  J.  Gruhler,  No.  'j'j  Herman 
Street,  Germantown,  Penn. 

No  special  work  for  children  and  youth  is  un- 
dertaken by  this  society. 


APPENDIX— THE  BRIGHTER  SIDE 


AWAKENING    OF    THE   SOUTH    AGAINST    CHILD 
LABOUR 

A  MOST  interesting  article  on  this  subject, 
by  Dr.  A.  J.  McKelway,  Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  National  Child  Labour 
Committee,  was  published  in  The  Aimals  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  for  January,  1907.    We  quote  as  follows  : 

■  Two  years  ago,  I  said  with  reference  to  child  labour  in  the 
South :  "  It  is  only  necessary  that  the  facts  be  carefully  in- 
vestigated and  published,  for  the  demand  to  become  irresistible 
from  the  people  themselves,  that  an  industry  shall  not  be  built 
upon  the  basis  of  child  labour." 

Then  followed  a  year  of  defeats  to  the  child  labour  cause  in 
the  South.  With  no  apparent  advance,  with  hope  deferred, 
but  faith  unshaken,  I  said  then,  <'  In  spite  of  the  ineffectiveness 
of  present  laws  and  the  violation  of  solemn  agreements  (not  to 
employ  children  under  a  specified  age),  and  the  utter  absence 
of  protective  legislation  in  some  of  the  states,  I  make  bold  to 
say,  because  I  know  my  people  and  love  my  people,  that  the 
South  is  too  kind-hearted  to  allow  this  sacrifice  of  her  children." 

And  now  it  is  a  proud  moment  of  my  life,  when  I  can  speak  of 
the  Southern  awakening  against  child  labour  as  an  accomplished 
fact.  Our  committee  is  able  to  report  four  splendid  victories 
for  our  cause :  in  Maryland,  in  Kentucky,  in  Louisiana  and  in 
Georgia.  Nor  is  this  all.  In  Alabama  child  labour  reform 
was  written  into  a  party  platform.     From  several  other  states 


154  APPEIsTDIX 

come  cheering  reports  of  an  awakening  of  public  spirit,  of 
aroused  public  consciences;  while  in  South  Carolina  the 
manufacturers  are  earnestly  and  sincerely  pressing  for  the 
enactment  of  a  compulsory  education  law  that  will  help  to 
solve  the  child   labour  problem. 

The  awakening  of  the  South  was,  first  of  all,  an  industrial 
awakening.  It  is  difficult  to  exaggerate  the  extent  of  its  ad- 
vancement along  industrial  lines.  Then  came  the  educational 
awakening.  The  story  of  this  revival  is  familiar  to  all,  but  the 
real  history  of  the  times  is  that  of  patient  courage  amid  great 
difficulties.  And  now  has  begun  the  application  of  the  best 
minds  of  the  South  to  the  advancement  of  social  reforms  that 
are  vastly  more  important  than  the  economic  questions  that 
have  occupied  so  much  of  the  thought  of  the  nation,  or  the 
constitutional  questions  that  have  seemingly  monopolized  the 
theoretical  statesmanship  of  the  South.  The  agitation  had 
begun  in  the  South,  in  Alabama,  and  the  echoes  of  that  battle 
for  the  children's  rights  were  heard  in  Boston  and  awakened 
the  New  England  conscience  to  the  shame  of  having  New 
England  mill  owners  of  Southern  mills,  with  good  laws  in  their 
own  states  for  the  protection  of  children,  founding  the  industries 
of  the  South  upon  the  basis  of  child  labour.  It  slowly  grew 
upon  the  national  consciousness  that  this  was  a  national  evil, 
that  while  the  percentage  of  child  labourers  was  greater  in  the 
South,  the  actual  number  of  the  little  toilers  was  far  greater  in 
the  North.  And  now  no  one  speaks  in  a  general  way  of  this 
national  curse  without  coupling  with  the  evil  of  child  labour  in 
the  Southern  cotton  mills,  the  sweat  shops  of  New  York,  the 
glass  factories  of  New  Jersey,  the  coal  mines  of  Pennsylvania. 
.  .  .  The  object  of  this  reform  is  not  to  pass  laws  but  to 
rescue  the  children  from  the  mine  and  from  the  mill,  and  to  put 
them  into  school. 

PARK  PLAYGROUNDS 
Among  the  most  successful  efforts  at  making 
city  parks  not  only  beautiful  in  themselves,  but 


APPENDIX  155 

adapted  as  playgrounds  for  children,  are  the 
various  parks  in  and  around  the  city  of  Boston, 
The  suggestions  given  in  a  recent  article  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Lee,  Vice-president  of  the  Massachusetts 
Civics  League,  may  well  be  considered  by  makers 
of  other  parks : 


Children  hurt  grass  very  little.  At  Charlesbank  (Boston) 
children  under  ten  are  allowed  to  run  all  over  the  grass.  The 
space  is  small,  not  more  than  an  acre  or  so,  and  immediately 
adjoins  the  most  crowded  ward  of  the  city,  and  yet  it  is  only 
once  in  a  while  that  the  grass  has  to  be  allowed  a  breathing 
spell  in  order  to  recuperate.  "  Keep  off  the  grass  "  signs  have 
been  abolished  in  all  civilized  park  systems. 

Children  do  no  harm  to  the  paths  by  digging  in  them,  and 
they  should  always  be  allowed  to  do  so,  except  in  crowded 
places,  and  there  should  be  benches  where  mothers  and  sisters 
can  watch  them  do  it.  They  dig  in  the  paths  in  the  Public 
Gardens  and  down  the  middle  of  Commonwealth  Avenue,  and 
nobody  ever  objects. 

Wherever  there  are  steps  it  is  a  good  thing  to  have  a  slant- 
ing stone  at  the  side  for  all-the-year-round  coasting.  Steep 
banks  are  also  good,  being  convenient  to  roll  down. 

Children's  gardens — an  individual  garden  for  each  child — 
may  be  put  around  the  edges  near  the  fence  in  many  parks, 
without  hurting  their  esthetic  effect.  Vines  can  grow  on  the 
fence,  and  children  who  do  especially  well  can  have  their  own 
pieces  of  fence  as  a  promotion.  A  child  needs  a  garden  only 
about  twenty  feet  square.  This,  allowing  a  little  space  for 
paths,  gives  2,000  children  to  the  acre.  The  best  age  for  this, 
according  to  many  teachers  whom  I  have  consulted,  is  from 
eleven  to  thirteen  years  inclusive. 

In  many  parks  there  may  be  a  regular  playground  for  little 
children,  including  sand  boxes  and  swings.  The  gardens  and 
the  children  are  good  as  landscape  features.     The  kindergarten 


156  APPENDIX 

platform  on  any  playground  is  always  surrounded  by  a  crowd 
of  grown  men.  As  my  friend  the  humourist  puts  it,  "  a  kid  is 
more  fun  than  a  goat,  or  even  a  cage  full  of  monkeys." 

HOME-MAKING  IN  MODEL  FLATS 
Model  flats  are  among  the  latest  developments 
for    teaching   tenement   children   in    our   cities. 
They  are  thus  described  in  an  article  by  Mabel 
Kittridge  in  Charities  : 

The  flat  is  in  a  tenement  house  and  so  is  directly  in  touch 
with  the  daily  life  of  the  people.  She  who  lives  there  bids  the 
mothers  good-morning  as  they  empty  the  ashes  together,  and 
chats  with  them  at  the  corner  grocery.  The  children  run  in 
and  out  as  freely  as  they  do  in  their  own  homes.  The  ques- 
tions (of  course  not  asked  in  so  many  words)  of  how  to  live 
orderly  lives  on  a  small  income,  how  to  satisfy  the  desire  for 
pleasurable  surroundings  inherent  in  the  poorest  home-maker, 
find  the  beginnings  of  an  answer. 

The  children  who  come  to  classes  in  the  model  flat  are  taught 
housekeeping  in  the  same  surroundings  in  which  they  are  to 
practice  it  later.  They  will  find  as  much  hot  water  for  their 
dishes  in  their  own  homes.  With  a  cheap  stove  and  few 
utensils  the  cooking  is  done  without  confusion.  The  problem 
is  how  to  live  in  health  and  comfort  in  the  conditions  that  must 
be  met  in  each  tenement  home. 

There  is  a  regular  course  of  domestic  work  which  the  pupils 
must  perform  in  order  to  pass  into  the  classes  in  cooking  and 
home  furnishings.  The  younger  children  require  two  and  three 
years  to  gain  this  simple  elementary  knowledge.  Older  girls 
often  graduate  within  a  year.  Frequently  there  are  entire 
classes  of  engaged  girls  glad  to  clean  the  stove,  wash  windows, 
learn  how  to  cook  nourishing  dinners  or  to  study  home  furnish- 
ing ;  for  the  class  work  side  is  quickly  forgotten  in  the  realiza- 
tion that  what  they  are  doing  is  only  a  preparation  for  the 
homes  they  are  about  to  make  for  themselves.    That  home- 


APPENDIX  167 

making  is  an  absorbingly  interesting  problem  is  proved  by  the 
fact  that  every  class  is  crowded  to  overflowing. 

The  pupils  go  forth  to  create  the  same  spirit  in  their  own 
homes.  The  impression  as  you  enter  one  of  these,  even  if  it  be 
a  rear  tenement,  is  of  space,  light,  and  fresh  air.  The  floors 
are  free  from  carpets,  the  table  is  without  cover,  windows  are 
open  top  and  bottom,  and  the  iron  beds  smooth  and  well  made. 
Everything,  even  the  poker,  the  broom  and  the  dust  pan,  has  a 
nail  of  its  own.  If  questions  arise  in  the  mind  of  the  wife  and 
mother  in  such  a  home,  as  they  will,  she  has  only  to  bring  them 
to  the  model  flat,  and  she  knows  that  there  is  some  one  there 
always  at  leisure  to  talk  over  knotty  problems  of  home-making 
in  a  small  place  with  small  means. 


BAFFLING  FACTORY  INSPECTORS 

The  methods  taken  to  prevent  the  gathering 
of  information  by  authorized  officials,  would  be 
amusing  were  not  the  results  so  serious.  The 
Factory  Inspector  tells  of  the  owner  of  a  planing 
mill  and  box  factory  in  the  city  of  Chicago  who 
had  but  one  entrance  to  his  mill  and  office.  The 
door  opened  into  the  outer  office,  and  in  the 
inner  office  were  speaking  tubes  and  telephones 
connecting  with  every  department.  When  the 
inspector  called,  the  attendant  in  the  outer  office 
took  his  card  to  the  manager  in  the  inner  office. 
On  his  return,  he  said  the  manager  would  be  at 
leisure  in  a  few  moments.  Five  minutes  passed 
without  any  sign.  Another  request  was  made, 
receiving  a  reply  similar  to  the  first.  It  looked 
suspicious.  One  of  the  inspectors  went  outside 
and  got  to  the  rear  of  the  building,  where  he 


158  APPENDIX 

saw  twelve  to  fifteen  boys  running  down  the 
alley.  Just  then  one  little  fellow  dropped  from 
the  fire  escape  into  the  inspector's  arms,  crying 
out,  "  Let  me  go.     The  inspector's  coming." 

A  member  of  the  Consumer's  League  of  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  had  a  rather  humorous  experience 
in  making  inquiries  in  a  clothing  store.  There 
were  double  doors  opening,  one  to  the  right,  one 
to  the  left.  At  each  door  there  was  a  small 
coloured  boy.  They  were  beautifully  dressed  in 
purple  uniforms,  with  brass  buttons  down  the 
front.  They  wore  caps  and  white  gloves.  After 
the  usual  inquiries  had  been  made,  the  member 
of  the  League  pointed  to  the  two  boys  and  said, 
"  What  about  those  boys  ?  Are  they  not  under 
age  ?  " 

The  owner  of  the  store  hastily  said,  "  Madam, 
don't  take  those  boys  away  from  us.  We  have 
just  bought  those  uniforms,  and  they  were  made 
to  order."  .  .  .  Later,  a  delegation  from  the 
employers  told  the  city  solicitor  how  absolutely 
impossible  it  would  be  to  do  business  if  the  child 
labour  law  were  enforced,  that  they  must  em- 
ploy boys  under  sixteen  and  girls  under  eighteen 
after  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening,  especially  dur- 
ing the  holiday  session — that  otherwise  trade 
could  not  go  on.  .  .  .  The  result  of  the  dis- 
cussion was  that  several  hundred  children  were 
discharged  the  first  year,  and  older  boys  and  girls, 
or  men  and  women,  took  their  places.     Later 


APPENDIX  159 

advertisements  read,  "  Boys  over  sixteen  and  girls 
over  eighteen  wanted." 

THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 
"  This,  then,  in  a  word,"  writes  WiUiam  Noyes, 
M.  A.,  of  the  Teacher's  College,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, New  York,  "  is  our  problem.  How  the 
children  of  the  community  shall  be  saved  from 
the  evils  of  premature  and  deteriorative  labour  ; 
from  ignorance,  from  idleness,  and  from  the  con- 
sequent immorality.  If  the  school  does  not 
make  them  intelligently  industrious,  then  the 
factory,  the  mine,  and  the  street,  will  make  them 
ignorantly  so,  or  the  street  will  keep  them  idle 
and  worthless." 

From  an  interesting  paper  by  Charles  W. 
Dabney,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cincinnati  (published  in  The  Annals 
for  1907)  we  quote  suggestive  points  for  public 
schools  everywhere  : 

The  object  of  government  is  really  not  the  protection  but  the 
development  of  men.  Government  does  not  mean  merely  jails 
and  policemen,  but  it  means  every  agency  for  the  complete  de- 
velopment of  the  child  and  the  man.  ...  I  do  not  believe 
that  this  curse  of  child  labour  is  to  be  attributed  entirely  to  the 
greed  of  manufacturers.  They  are  greedy  for  cheaper  labour 
to  be  sure,  but  vi^hat  about  the  greed  of  the  parent  ?  Neither, 
is  it  true  that  child  labour  should  be  attributed  altogether  to  the 
greed  of  the  parent,  combined  with  the  greed  of  the  manufac- 
turer. The  child  himself  is  often  greedy — greedy  for  activity, 
for  association,  for  money  and  so  for  work.  Under  the  old  con- 
ditions the  American  child  was  trained  in  many  trades  and 


160  APPENDIX 

industries  on  the  farm.  The  trouble  at  the  present  day  is  that 
since  this  crowding  into  cities  and  this  infinite  division  of  in- 
dustries, opportunities  are  no  longer  afforded  in  the  home  for 
teaching  the  children  to  work,  and  so  we  let  them  go  to  the 
factories.  Now  the  child  really  loves  work ;  the  normal  child 
is  filled  with  the  love  of  activity;  the  desire  to  do  things  is 
constantly  stirring  him  and  seeking  an  outlet.  The  boy 
naturally  wants  to  be  doing  something.  A  little  fellow  came 
to  my  office  and  wanted  to  hire  as  an  office  boy.  I  looked  at 
him  and  said, 

"  My  little  fellow,  you  ought  to  be  in  school.  What  do  you 
want  to  come  here  for  ?  " 

"  I  am  tired  of  school,"  he  said, — "  nothing  doing."  This 
was  a  new  idea  to  me.  This  boy  wanted  to  go  to  work  because 
there  was  "  nothing  doing  "  in  our  schools.  On  further  inquiry 
I  found  that  he  did  not  see  any  good  in  it  at  all.  He  had 
learned  to  read,  write  and  cipher,  and  something  of  geography 
and  history,  but  he  wanted  to  take  an  active  part  in  the  life  of 
this  great  city.  He  wanted  to  be  working,  to  be  making  some 
money,  and  to  have  something  to  spend,  perhaps,  but,  most  of 
all,  to  be  out  in  the  big  world  and  doing  something. 

The  trouble  is  that  in  too  many  of  our  schools  there  is 
"  nothing  doing  "  to  meet  the  active  mind  of  the  boy.  He  is 
not  satisfied  with  the  conventional  education,  just  the  three  R's 
and  nothing  else.  .  .  .  One  thing  we  have  to  do  is  to  pro- 
vide trade  education,  industrial  education.  We  must  provide 
opportunities  for  the  development  of  the  whole  life  of  the 
child.  .  .  .  Next  to  industrial  education,  the  great  needs 
of  our  schools  are  playgrounds  and  recreation  centres. 

If  we  provide  for  the  whole  life  of  the  child,  for  the  develop- 
ment of  his  whole  nature ;  if  we  provide  sufficient  avenues  for 
his  characteristic  powers  and  activities  ;  if  we  give  him  op- 
portunities both  to  learn  and  to  work,  as  he  wants  to  work,  and 
to  build  up  and  develop  his  soul  nature,  as  he  desires,  and  to  do 
it  in  the  school,  he  will  continue  there  as  long  as  we  want  him 
to  stay. 


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